exam two terms for anatomy

ligand gated channels are found

on dendrites

voltage gated channels are found

on the axon or axon hillock

mechanical channels are found

on sensory receptors

leakage channels are found

on neuron membrane

sensory afferent

takes information to cns

motor efferent

takes sensory information to glands and muscles

somatic nervous system

controls volunatry movement

autonomic nervous system

controls involuntary movement

sympathetic system

fight or flight response, increases something due to alertness

parasympathetic nervous system

rest and digest, regulates certain functions

origin

the p;art that does not move your joint

insertion

the part that moves mainly when you move a joint

prime mover/agonist

main muscle for providing movement

synergist

muscle assist prime mover

antagonist

opposes prime mover

fixator

stabilizes the orgin or prime mover

why are levers important

helps your bones move around the joint

bones

levers

joints

fulcrum

muscles

effort

1st class

effort fulcrum load

2nd class

fulcrum load effort

3rd class

fulcrum effort load

creatine phosphate

creatine phosphate recharged ADP→ ATP

anaerobic glycolysis

glucose breaks down without oxygen

aerobic respiration

oxygen is used to make atp

symphysis and synchrondroses joints

cartilaginous joints amphiarthrosis

syndesmosis sutures gomphoses

fibrous joints synarthrosis

resting zone

cartilage cells are at rest

proliferating zone

cartilage cells begin to divide

hypertrophic zone

cartilage enlargen due to sex hormones such as estrogen

zone of calcified cartilage

cartilage matrix calcifies

bone grows in width by adding more bone tissue to the outer surface of the bone

appositional growth

bone epiphyseal plate grows in length

longitudinal growth

osteocyte

maintains bone matrix

osteoclast

breaks down old bone

osteoblasts

builds new bone

osteoprogenitor

stem cell that develops into osterblasts

isotonic contractions

when muscle changes length for contraction

isometric contraction

muscle produces tension but wont change length

Wolfs law

that bones are influenced by stress of pressure placed on them such as doing lifting exercise will help you bones become stronger

first class ex

tilting your heard

first class mechanical advantage

either or depends on fulrum

second class ex

standing on tip toes

second class mechanical advantage

provides advantage

third class ex

doing bicep curls

third class mechanical advantage

mechanical disadvantage

glutamate

Primary excitatory Nt in the CNS

Gaba

Primary inhibitory Nt in the CNS

afferent pathway consists of

sensory information, touch, feel, etc

efferent pathways consist of

muscles and glands

ventricles do what for the brain

circulate cerebrospinal fluid

grey matter

mainly neuron cell bodies

white matter

mainly myelinated axons connecting brain regions

frontal lobe

controls primary motor cortex

occipital lobe

visual processing

temporal lobe

hearing and smelling

diencephalon consists of what

thalamus, hypothalamus,, epithalamus,

thalamus

sorts and relays input

hypothalamus

homeostasis function

epithalamus

pineal gland, regulates sleep-wake cycle

brain stem consists of what

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

hippocampus is critical for

learning and memory

what protects CNS

meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, skull

layers of meninges

dura mater, arachnid mater, pia mater

spinal cord function

transmit messengers to and from brain

communication between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle cell is called

neuromuscular junction

the site where the brain tells muscle cell to start sequence of contraction

the neuromuscular junction communication point

absolute refactory responds to

depolarization and repolarization

relative refractory period corresponds to

hyperpolarization

if the stimulus is really strong, neuron wont generate another AP

absolue refractory period

neuron can generate another AP with stronger stimuli

relative refractory period