Exam 2 simplified

Pulmonary respiration

Blood and lungs. O2 travels from the alveoli to the blood. CO2 travels from the blood to the alveoli to be exhaled

Cellular respiration

The process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from nutrients. Happens in the mitochondria during aerobic energy production. CO2 is a waste product

Conducting zone

Trachea and terminal bronchioles. Air transports, humidifies, warms, and filters. Also vocalization.

Respiratory zones

bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli. Gas exchange, surfactant production, blood clotting regulation, endocrine function

Total lung capacity

the maximal of air the lungs can hold (4-6L)

Residual lung volume

volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation

Tidal volume

the amount of air moved during an inhale and exhale for each breath

IRV

the amount of air you can inhale after initial inhalation

ERV

the amount of air you can exhale after normal exhalation

Forced vital capacity

Total amount of air forcefully removed after one maximum breath. Used to measure dynamic lung functions

FEV1

Forced exhalation over 1 second

Healthy ratio

~85%

Obstructive ratio

<70%

Severe obstructive

~45%

Minute ventilation rest

~6L/min

Minute ventilation moderate exercise

~75 L/min

Minute ventilation intense exercise

~150 L/min

Gas exchange

occurs in the alveoli

PO2 air

159 mmHg

PO2 alveoli

100 mmHg

PO2 arteries

100 mmHg

PO2 muscle

40 mmHg

PO2 veins

40 mmHg

PCO2 alveoli

40 mmHg

PCO2 muscle

46 mmHg

PCO2 veins

46 mmHg

PCO2 arteries

40 mmHg

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

Represents the a-vO2 difference.

Myoglobin

shuttles O2 from the cell membrane to the mitochondria

Higher affinity for O2 even at low PO2

Ventilatory Threshold

point where pulmonary VE increases disproportionately to VO2 during graded exercise

VE relation to Lactate Threshold

excess VE comes from CO2 released when lactic acid is buffered

Control of respiration

medulla

Chemoreceptors

detect changes in blood chemistry (O2, CO2, pH)

Stretch and mechanoreceptors

detect physical changes in tissue structure

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

stimulate ventilation during exercise when temperature, acidity, CO2, and potassium rise

Chemical buffers in plasma

first line of defense

Bicarbonate system

CO2 + H2O ←→ H2CO3 ←→ HCO3- + H+

Ventilatory buffer

increased ventilation removes CO2

Renal buffer

Kidneys excrete H+

Arteries/arterioles

carry blood away from the heart

Capillaries

exchange nutrients with tissue

Veins/venules

return blood to heart

SA node

natural pacemaker. Paces at 100 bpm

Myocardium

Cardiac muscle tissue separated by connective tissue, blood supply, lymph channels, and nerves.

Depolarization

Caused by sodium influx; calcium slows depolarization

P wave

atrial depolarization

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization

T wave

ventricular repolarization

ST segment depression

myocardial ischemia

Systolic BP

top number, the ventricular contraction

Diastolic BP

bottom number, the ventricles refilling

Hypertension

130/80

Stroke volume influenced

EDV, afterload, ventricular contractility

Venous return

controlled by venoconstriction, skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump

Increased EDV

stronger contraction

Cardiac tone

ratio of sympathetic to parasympathetic impulses

At rest

parasympathetic dominates

Anticipatory HR

parasympathetic withdrawal, sympathetic dominance

Radius

The biggest effect on resistance

Arterioles

resistance vessels

Overload

training effect occurs when a system is exercised at a level beyond which it is normally accustomed

Specificity

Training effect is specific to the muscle fibers involved, type of exercise

Individual difference

All individuals do not respond similarly to a given training stimulus

Reversibility

Gains are lost when overload is removed