PHAR 100 Module 2 Flashcards (Queen's University) 낱말 카드 | Quizlet

Substance Use Disorder (SUD)

A disease characterized by impaired control, risky use, social impairment, tolerance, and withdrawal

Dopamine Hypothesis

Addictive drugs increase dopamine in brain reward pathways producing reinforcement and craving

Drug Withdrawal

Abnormal physiological state occurring after stopping a drug causing symptoms opposite to drug effects

Drug Tolerance

Repeated administration of a dose leads to reduced effect or need for higher doses to achieve same effect

Cross Tolerance

Tolerance to one drug causing tolerance to another similar pharmacological drug

Harm Reduction

Approach that reduces consequences of drug use without requiring abstinence (e.g., supervised injection, nicotine patches)

Substance Misuse

Use of a drug in ways or amounts different from prescribed or against social norms

Amphetamines

Powerful CNS stimulants increasing dopamine and norepinephrine in synapses

VMAT Blockade

Amphetamines block vesicular monoamine transporters causing dopamine release into the synapse

Amphetamine Therapeutic Uses

Used for ADHD and narcolepsy (methylphenidate preferred due to fewer side effects)

Amphetamine Athletic Evidence

Methamphetamine extended exercise duration by $\sim 40\%$ and improved athletic times in many subjects

Cocaine Mechanism

Blocks dopamine and serotonin reuptake increasing neurotransmitter levels in synapses

Cocaethylene

Dangerous metabolite formed when cocaine and alcohol are taken together increasing toxicity and aggression

Nicotine Mechanism

Stimulates nicotinic receptors causing dopamine and serotonin release in CNS

Nicotine Pharmacokinetics

Rapid inhalation absorption, wide distribution, liver metabolism, urinary excretion (half-life $\sim 2\,\text{hrs}$)

Smoking in Pregnancy

Increases risk of preterm birth, small birth weight, and oxygen delivery problems

Caffeine Mechanism

Blocks adenosine receptors reducing GABA inhibition and increasing dopamine release

Caffeine Special Cases

Smokers metabolize caffeine faster; pregnant individuals metabolize slower

Caffeine Therapeutic Use

Stimulates breathing in premature infants

Performance-Enhancing Drugs

Substances used to increase athletic strength, speed, endurance, focus, or weight control

Anabolic Steroids

Drugs that increase muscle mass, strength, and performance through testosterone-like effects

Benzodiazepines in Sports

Used to reduce anxiety or tremor before performance (generally banned)

Blood Doping

Increasing red blood cell mass to improve oxygen delivery and endurance

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Hormone stimulating red blood cell production improving aerobic performance

WADA

World Anti-Doping Agency enforcing drug testing and anti-doping policy globally