study

GABA receptors are

metabotropic, ionotropic

Norepinephrine is used as a neurotransmitter in the

sympathetic nervous system

Which of the following is involved in the synthesis of ACh?

Choline acetyltranferase

Noradrenergic (NE) neurons (neurons that produce norepenipherine) originate in:

Locus coeruleus 

When serotonin neurons continually fire at a high rate, ___ can become activated by serotonin, slowing down subsequent release of the neurotransmitter.

autoreceptors

This drug decreases neurotransmitter release by blocking VMAT.

reserpine

Administration of vesamicol would do which of the following?

Reduce ACh activity by preventing the storage of ACh into vesicles located in the terminal bouton

___ are responsible for storing catecholamines in vesicles.

VMAT

Decreasing acetylcholine neurotransmission in the brain would likely impact which of the following?

memory

synthesis pathway for dopamine.

Precursor Amino Acid

Tyrosine

Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH)

L-DOPA

AADC

Dopamine

Blocking EAAT proteins would: 

increase glutamate activity in the synapse

Which of the following correctly describes the major mechanisms of action of the 5HT1A receptor?

reduces cAMP

Increases release of K+, hyperpolarizing the cell membrane

How are catecholamines inactivated once they are in the synapse?

Enzymatic degradation

Reuptake

EAAT is found:

on astrocytes

postsynaptically, on glutamate neurons

Which of the following is a function of ACh in the CNS?

memory

Which receptors have a desensitization state?

nicotinic

This drug decreases neurotransmitter release by blocking VMAT.

reserpine

___ packages ACh into ___.

VAChT; vesicles located in the terminal button

Which of the following are considered to be catecholamines?

NE and DA

Following release, glutamate is

brought into the astrocytes via EAAT

brought back into the neuron via EAAT

Blocking ___ would prevent glutamate from being packaged into vesicles.

VGLUT

Correctly sort the components necessary for the synthesis of 5HT.

Tryptophan hydroxylase

AADC

Tryptophan

Which of the following correctly describes nicotinic receptors?

ion channels, fast, allow ions to pass through membrane

Which of the following is NOT  included in the dopamine, but is in norepinephrine synthesis pathway?

Dopamine β-dehydroxylase

Decreasing glutamate neurotransmission in the brain would likely impact which of the following?

memory and learning

Order the steps of the action potential (AP), resulting in the release of neurotransmitter into the synapse

AP reaches the terminal bouton

voltage gated Ca++ open

Ca++ enters the cell, depolarizing the membrane

vesicles dock with the presynaptic membrane

Release of neurotransmitter into the synapse

This drug is used to treat PTSD.

MDMA

The enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) directly synthesizes: 

L-DOPA

Which of the following best describes long-term potentiation?

a long-lasting connection between two neurons. It involves the activation of NMDA receptors and an increase in AMPA receptors.

___ packages ACh into ___.

VAChT; vesicles located in the terminal button

Which of the following is NOT a function of ACh in the CNS?

Regulation of heart rate

Which of the following correctly describes NMDA receptors?

depolarization is required to open the ion channel

they must be bound by both glutamate and another agonist

Which of the following correctly describes the major mechanisms of action of the 5HT1A receptor?

reduces cAMP

Increases release of K+, hyperpolarizing the cell membrane

Blocking ___ would prevent GABA from being packaged into vesicles.

VGAT

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme that degrades which of the following neurotransmitters?

norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine

This dopamine pathway originates in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and terminates in the prefrontal (PFC) cortex.

Mesocortical

Blocking ___ would prevent glutamate from being packaged into vesicles.

VGLUT

Acetylcholine facilitates activity:

in the sympathetic NS

in the brain

in the parasympathetic NS

at neuromuscular junctions

Hippocampus

Critical for acquiring new memories and consolidating short- into long-term memories

Substantia Nigra

Neurons in the nigrostriatal system originate here

Amygdala

Critical for memories involving fear

Ventral Tegmental Area

Neurons in the mesolimbic and mesocortical systems originate here

Prefrontal cortex

Higher order processing and planning

Cerebral hemispheres

Storage of long-term memories

When the membrane depolarizes around an NMDA receptor, what occurs?

the Mg++ block is removed

This dopamine pathway originates in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and terminates in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc)

Mesolimbic

As a neurohormone, 5HT plays a large role in which behaviors?

sexual function and craving and satiety

The Doogie Mouse strain was "smarter" than the wild strain due to what?

increased expression of a subtype of glutamate receptor 

This dopamine pathway originates in the substantia nigra (SN) and terminates in the striatum.

Nigrostriatal

Which of the following is involved in the synthesis of ACh?

Choline acetyltranferase

Monoamine oxidase is a(n) ___ that is responsible for degrading serotonin.

enzyme

Benzodiazepines such as Xanax treat by targeting _.

anxiety; GABA

When dopamine neurons continually fire at a high rate, ___ increases, which is one way the neuron positively regulates its activity.

Tyrosine hydroxylase

The synthesis pathway for norepinephrine involves __ enzymes.

3

Nicotinic receptors allow which ions to pass through the membrane?

Ca++, Na+, K+

___ is the transporter protein responsible for removing serotonin from the synapse.

SERT

Which of the following is a functional agonist of the serotonin system?

MDMA

___ are responsible for storing 5HT in vesicles.

VMAT

___ is cell death that occurs slowly and in a controlled manner, while  __ occurs quickly, involves cell disintegration, and is damaging to the system.

Apoptosis; necrosis

Which of the following are neurotransmitter receptors for acetylcholine?

ionotropic nicotinic receptors

metabotropic muscarinic receptors

A drug that blocks VMAT will have what effect?

It would decrease neurotransmitter release by preventing neurotransmitters from being packaged into neurotransmitter vesicles

Which of the following are enzymes?

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC)

Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH)

Dopamine β-dehydroxylase

Administration of vesamicol would do which of the following?

Reduce ACh activity by preventing the storage of ACh into vesicles located in the terminal bouton

Ketamine is a(n) at the _ receptor.

antagonist; NMDA

Decreasing acetylcholine neurotransmission in the brain would likely impact which of the following?

memory

The ____ channel allows the entry of Ca++ and helps vesicles dock on the membrane of the ___ neuron.

voltage gated Ca++; presynaptic

Blocking EAAT proteins would: 

increase glutamate activity in the synapse

During LTP ___ receptors are upregulated. 

AMPA

When dopamine neurons continually fire at a high rate, ___ increases, which is one way the neuron positively regulates its activity.

Tyrosine hydroxylase

After release, 5HT is stored in ___ located ___.

vesicles; terminal bouton