Science ASVAB

crust, mantle, core

What are Earth's 3 main layers?

crust

rocky outer layer & thinnest

mantle

a thick layer of hot but solid rock beneath Earth's crust

core

a large sphere of metal that occupies Earth's center

Plate Tectonics

pieces of crust's outermost layer (plates) move slowly (1.4 inches in a year) oceanic & continental plates "float" on top of denser material. As plates move, continents drift slowly

divergent plate boundaries

occur when plates move APART; magma from mantle rises to earth's surface & forms new rock- results in seafloor spread

convergent plate boundaries

Plates move toward each other, and collide making mountains or volcanoes

Transform Fault Boundaries

Plates move sideways past each other.

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

3 types of rocks

igneous rock

forms when magma from inside earth cools and solidifies-- granite, obsidian, basalt

metamorphic rock

forms when a rock is transformed by heat, pressure, or chemical reaction-- marble, slate

sedimentary rock

forms over time as sediment is layered, squeezed, and solidified- limestone, coal, shale

water makes up...

71% of earth's surface- glaciers, oceans, lakes, rivers

what form is most fresh water in?

ground water

water cycle

The continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back

evaportation

energy from sun causes water on surface to convert to liquid- gas. warm water vapor rises from surface into atmosphere

transpiration

water evaporates from plants

Condensation

when vapor rises into sky and cools

Precipitation

water particles fall from clouds and reach ground - rain, snow, hail

water freezes

32 F and 0 C

water boils

212 F and 100 C

how much saltwater is there?

Fresh water?

Ice?

97% Saltwater

3% Freshwater

2/3% Ice

Earth's atmosphere

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon

5 layers of atmosphere

troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere

Troposphere

1st layer, where humans live & weather takes place

Stratosphere

2nd layer of atmosphere; extends from 10 to 30 miles up; location of OZONE LAYER; absorbs 95% of Ultraviolet radiation; temperature increases with altitude increase.

Mesosphere

3rd layer of atmosphere, coldest layer, where meteors burn up

Thermosphere

The uppermost layer of the atmosphere (4th), in which temperature increases as altitude increases, International Space Station Orbits

Exosphere

The outer layer of the thermosphere, extending outward into space, contains most satellites orbiting earth

Planets

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

inner planets

Small, rocky planets that orbit closest to the sun including Mercury, Venus, Earth, & Mars, small, dense, and rocky- terrestrial

outer planets

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, & Neptune, colder, larger, massive

Mercury

smallest, dense, large iron core, 88 days = 1 year (fastest)

Venus

brightest planet in sky, 243 days to rotate- 1 day=1 year

Earth

suitable atmosphere & temperature for H20= support life

Mars

Iron rich rocks, red, once had liquid surface H20

asteroid belt

the region of interplanetary space between Mars and Jupiter where most asteroids are found

Jupiter

largest, 95 moons, Hydrogen(H), Helium (He), gas giant

Saturn

2nd largest, known for rings, 146 moons, gas giants

Uranus

axis tilt is more than 90 degrees, ice giant

Neptune

blueish color from methane, ice giant

Kuiper Belt

a region of the solar system beyond the orbit of Neptune, believed to contain many comets, asteroids, and other small bodies made largely of ice.

Comets

balls of ice, rock, and dust in space with a tail

Energy

living things need this to survive!

Producer

organisms able to produce their own energy (food) i.e plant

Consumers (heterotrophs)

eat other organisms for energy & don't make their own

Herbivores (primary consumers)

eat plants i.e deer, grasshoppers, pandas

Carnivores (secondary and tertiary consumers)

feed on other animals i.e lion, coyote

Omnivores (primary and secondary consumers)

eat both plants and animals i.e humans, bears, racoons

Scavengers and decomposers

Organisms that get their energy by eating dead things. They are nature's recyclers. i.e vultures, earthworms

Food chain

A linear series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

Food Web

network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem

muscular system

all muscles that move bones and connective tissue

respiratory system

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs, breathing- process of oxygen obtained & CO2 released

circulatory system

transports materials to & from cells, consists of blood cells & platelets, heart, blood vessels (arteries , vein)

digestive system

series of organs joined to work so we can use food for energy: mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, rectum, anus. glands that help us process: liver

nervous system

gathers & interprets info from body internal/external environment & responds to info. allows people to speak, smell, taste, hear, see, move, think & have emotions: brain nerves, spinal cord

reproductive system

Allows organisms to produce offspring

gregor mendel

The father of genetics - Experimented with pea plants, discovered each plant contains 2 sets of instructions for each characteristics. each parent donates one set

Allele

Different forms of a gene- dominant or recessive

dominant allele

will show up even if there are less i.e brown dominates blue

recessive allele

show only if a person has 2 copies of allele i.e 2 blue eyes

homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait i.e rr or RR

homozygous dominant

Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and dominant (AA)

homozygous recessive

Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and recessive (aa)

Punnet Square

A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross

Farenheit

tempurature scale on which water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212 degrees

Celcius

Metric temperature scale on which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees

Kelvin

The SI base unit of temperature (absolute zero:0K-373K boiling)

Newton's Laws of Motion

Inertia, Acceleration, and Reaction

Newton's 1st Law

(Law of Inertia) an object in motion tends to stay in motion & an object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by an outside force.

Newton's 2nd Law

Force = mass x acceleration

Newton's 3rd Law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Newton's Law of Gravitational Force

The gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses & inversely proportional to square of distance between them

Speed of light

300,000 kilometers per second/ 186,000 miles per second

Speed of sound

343 meters per second (in air), or 4.7 seconds to travel 1 mile. 4.3X faster Traveling through water

Albert Einstein: Theory of Special Relativity

how time and space change depending on how fast your moving (motion is compared to something else)

kinetic energy

the energy an object has due to its motion i.e throwing a baseball, flying airplane, flowing river

potential energy

stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object i.e compressed spring, lifted weight

mechanical energy

energy stored in objects by tension

chemical energy

energy stored within chemical bonds of atoms

nuclear energy

potential energy of particles inside an atomic nucleus

gravitational force

an attractive force that acts between any two objects

forms of potential energy

mechanical, chemical, nuclear, gravitational

Forms of Kinetic Energy

thermal, electrical, radiant, sound, motion/mechanical

thermal energy

The total energy of motion in the particles of a substance

electrical energy

Energy caused by the movement of electrons. i.e lightning or electrical eels

radiant energy

energy carried by light or radiation i.e sunshine or xray

sound energy

Energy caused by an object's vibrations i.e drums or thunder

motion/mechanical energy

stored in movements of objects i.e wind

atoms

smallest unit of matter (protons, neutrons, electrons)

Elements

A molecule composed of one kind of atom; cannot be broken into simpler units by chemical reactions.

molecules

particle made up of two or more atoms chemically bonded together

compounds

molecules made up of two or more elements

3 States of matter

solid, liquid, gas

freezing

liquid to solid

melting

solid to liquid

condensation

Gas to liquid

Vaporization

Liquid to gas

sublimination

solid to gas