Social, ADM & Behavioral Science Quizzes 1-5

In 2020, the highest percentage of the population's health care was financed by:

Employment-based private insurance

Blue Cross hospital insurance was established by:

American Hospital Association

The California Medical Association set up the first Blue Shield plan to cover:

Physician service

The development of private health insurance in the U.S. was driven by:

All of the above (hospitals became a place to live instead of die, increasing effectiveness of treatment, rising cost of health care)

Hospital/Physician control over Blue Cross insurance caused:

Overcharging for services

Employment fringe benefits were partially necessary due to wage controls during:

World War II

"Experience rating" premiums base cost on:

Health risk of the group

Which program seeks to provide affordable care to the poor and elderly?

Tax-financed government health insurance

Medicare Part B covers:

Physician services

"Community rating" premiums are best for risky occupation groups, ill groups and elderly groups.

True

When examining access to medical care, the ability to pay and availability of health personnel and facilities are two major components.

True

Income is NOT directly related to health status.

False

What factor(s) led to a major spike in the number of individuals being uninsured? (Check all that apply)

Skyrocketing cost of health care, a transitional shift of workforce, and the link between private insurance and employment status

Before the enactment of the ACA in 2013, which demographic group had the most uninsured?

Hispanic

Non-financial barriers to health care mentioned include:

Lack of prompt access, gender, and race and ethnicity

Income disparities in the U.S. worsen adverse health outcomes in various populations.

True

It has been estimated that the risk of death increases by 40% for those who are uninsured.

True

Being underinsured can limit access to health care due to:

All of the above (low income, high co-payments, excessive out-of-pocket costs)

Two key factors explaining the rise in the number of uninsured between 1980 and 2010 were:

Increasing health care costs and a changing labor force

Other than socioeconomics, medical care and public health interventions dominate influence on health status.

True

Which contributed to the rapid rise in health care cost?

Fee-for-service payment

In this method, one payment is made for each patient's care during a month or year:

Capitation Payment

An example of institutions that use 'Payment Per Time Capitation' include:

All of the above (VA Hospitals, Military Hospitals, State Mental Hospitals)

Payment for all services delivered to all patients within a certain time period includes:

Global budget payment of hospitals

Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs) is part of 'Managed Care.'

True

The National Commission on Physician Payment Reform (2013) called for:

The elimination of fee-for-services and the development of Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs)

PCPs enrolled in a 'Capitation Payment' plan receive a payment for each service rendered.

False

'Managed Care' includes Fee-for-Service with Utilization review, PPOs, and HMOs.

True

In order to control cost, fee-for-service payment is being replaced by private insurers, Medicaid, and Medicare which:

Shifts financial risk away from payers toward physicians and hospitals

Health Care Equity refers to access to and quality of health care services.

True

Determinants of Health include social and economic factors, physical environment, and health behaviors.

True (All of the above)

The complete sequencing of the human genome exposed the fallacy of the race-as-innate-biology construct.

True

Black and Latino patients receive greater interpersonal communication with physicians compared to white patients.

False

According to Braveman et al. (2022), being subjected to ____ in any context may have a toxic effect on health.

Racism

Systemic racism refers to structures and policies that reinforce discriminatory beliefs, values, and distribution of resources.

True

Interpersonal and structural bias in health care for women include:

Delay in health care due to cost, clinicians attributing pain to emotional causes, and denial of contraception/abortion services

Race/Ethnicity and socioeconomic status are unrelated.

False

Rural communities experience barriers to health care such as:

Scant supply of health professionals, lack of medical facilities, and limited broadband access

The principle of medical ethics that obligates providers to help people in need is:

Beneficence

Other principles of medical ethics include nonmaleficence, autonomy, and justice.

True (All of the above)

It is an ethical dilemma if a provider is forced to make a decision that violates one principle of medical ethics to adhere to another.

True

All states were required to participate in the Medicaid expansion.

False

When limits are placed on medical care expected to be beneficial, this is called:

Painful cost control

People in need of an organ transplant are often rejected if they lack health insurance.

True

Three ethical principles tend to rule the bedside more than a fourth:

Beneficence, Nonmaleficence, and Autonomy

The concept of treating everyone in a fair manner when it comes to medical treatment is always imperative to health care providers.

False

The Task Force on Organ Transplantation (1986) recommends organ allocation should be governed by:

Probability of success, urgency of need, and length of time on the waiting list