Your Sets

Nervous system functions

sensory, integrative, effector

sensory function

receives incoming information (stimuli) from sensory receptors

Integrative function

interprets and processes information to determine appropriate response

Effector function

produces outgoing signals to initiate a response in muscles or glands

Major organs of nervous system

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

Central nervous system (CNS) consists of

brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of

neural tissue outside CNS

Central Nervous system is contained in ____ and ___

skull and vertebral column

CNS integrative in function

simple reflexes, complex reflexes, higher order functions

PNS is mostly _____ and _____

outside of skull and vertebral column

Peripheral nerves

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

peripheral ganglia

sensory ganglia and autonomic nervous system ganglia (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Afferent Division

carries sensory information from PNS sensory receptors to CNS

-ascending information

Efferent Division

carries motor commands from CNS to PNS muscles and glands

-descending pathways

Efferent somatic nervous system

nerves carry information from the CNS to the skeletal muscle - motor nerves

Efferent Autonomic Nervous System

controls cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands

-parasympathetic and sympathetic

nerve cells

electrically active cells that process and conduct information in the form of electrical signals

neuroglia (glial cells)

support neurons

PNS glial cells

satellite cells and schwann cells

CNS glial cells

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

Collection of nerve cell fibers for transmission of information

PNS- nerve

CNS- white matter, fiber tract, column

collection of nerve cell bodies for processing of information

PNS- ganglia

CNS- grey matter, nucleus, cortex

Neuroglial cells surround and support both

nerve cell bodies and processes

anatomy of spinal cord

Posterior (dorsal) gray horns

contain somatic and visceral sensory nuclei

Anterior (ventral) gray horns

deal with somatic motor control

Lateral gray horns

contain visceral (ANS) motor neurons

Size of grey matter (# of nerve cells) related to _____

size of body area innervated

-cervical and lumbar enlargements

White matter of spinal cord is divided into ___

six columns (funiculi) containing tracts

-posterior, anterior, lateral columns

Ascending tracts relay information from ____ to ____

spinal cord to the brain

Descending tracts carry information from ____ to the ____

brain to spinal cord

the adult spinal cord is a single, ____ structure

continuous

31 spinal cord segments defined by spinal nerves

8C, 12T, 5L, 5S, 1Co

The dorsal (posterior) root of the spinal nerve is _______

sensory (afferent)

The ventral (anterior) root of spinal nerve is _______

motor (efferent)

spinal nerves are a mixture of ___ and ____ fibers

sensory and motor

Each spinal nerve receives a sensory input from one ____

dermatome

dermatome

region of skin monitored by sensory afferents of single spinal segment

Another term that describes cells that function as afferents of the CNS is

sensory neuron

Telencephalon

cerebrum or cerebral hemispheres

Diencephalon

thalamus and hypothalamus

mesencephalon

midbrain

Metencephalon

pons and cerebellum

myelencephalon

medulla oblongata

grey matter of brainstem and brain is responsible for _____

processing and integration

cortex of cerebral hemispheres

highest level of processing

basal nuclei of cerebral hemispheres

motor control

thalamus

processing sensory information

Hypothalamus

autonomic nervous system and endocrine (hormone) control

cortex of cerebellum

motor control

White matter of brainstem and brain uses ________ fibers

projection fibers, association fibers, commissural fibers

projection fibers

ascending and descending tracts of the spinal cord, brain stem, and brain

association fibers

connect between areas on the same side of CNS

commissural fibers

connect between areas on opposite sides of CNS

embryology of the brain and spinal cord tissue

neurons and glial cells

-develop from the cells in walls of developing hollow neural tube

Embryology of ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord

develop from hollow center of developing neural tube

Support and protection systems of CNS

-skull, vertebrae, ligaments, muscles

-meninges

-cerebral spinal fluid

-blood brain barrier

Meninges

three protective connective tissues layers that surround the brain and spinal cord

3 meninges

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

meninges provide ______ and ____

stability and shock absorption

meninges support ___ entering and exiting CNS tissue

blood vessels

spinal meninges ______ and _____

anchor spinal cord and provide cushioning

base of spinal cord is anchored to _____ via ________ and _________

coccyx, via filum terminale and coccygeal ligament

top of spinal cord is anchored to _____

periosteum of foramen magnum

spinal cord is anchored laterally by _____

denticulate ligaments

___ with _____ separates dura mater from walls of vertebral canal providing cushioning

epidural space with epidural fat

subarachnoid space is filled with ______ to provide cushioning

cerebral spinal fluid

cranial meninges are continuous with _____ , ____

the three layers of spinal cord

-two layers of dura mater

folds of dura mater help ____ the position of the ________

stabilize, brain

folds of dura mater form 3 structures and contain?

falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, falx cerebelli

-contain sinuses that serve as veins

cerebrospinal fluid is produced in ________

ventricles

CSF diffuses out of capillaries of _____ into ventricles

choroid plexus

CSF exits ventricles into _______ through apertures of ______

subarachnoid space

4th ventricle

CSF circulates through _____ of spinal and cranial ____

subarachnoid space

meninges

CSF exits across the _________ into the _____________________________

arachnoid granulations

superior sagittal sinus (vein)

ventricles of spinal cord image

CSF comes from __ and returns to ___

blood, blood

but it is not blood

CSF transports _____, _____, and _______

nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products

CSF provides ____ and ____

cushioning and buoyancy

Blockage of CSF circulation causes

- pressure in ventricles

> enlarging ventricles damage neural tissue

> hydrocephalus - "water on the brain"

hydrocephalus

abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain

motor neurons are

efferent

sensory neurons are

afferent

interneurons are

association neurons

interneurons are located mostly within ____

CNS

interneurons function

form the network that relays information from afferent neurons to efferent neurons

function in processing

Cells of nervous system

neurons and glial cells (neuroglia)

nerve cells are ____ active cells that process and conduct information in the form of electrical signals

electrically

Neuroglia of PNS

Schwann cells and satellite cells

Neuroglia of CNS

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

satellite cells surround ________ in _________

neuron cell bodies in ganglia

satellite cells regulate levels of

O2, CO2, nutrient and neurotransmitters

Schwann cells ensheath axons and _____ in the ______ with ____

axons and dendrites in the PNS with myelin

unmyelinated axons- schwann cells ensheath sections of _____ axons (some myelin)

many

myelinated axons- Schwann cell ensheaths a section of a ____ axon

single

nodes of ranvier

gaps between schwann cells

oligodendrocytes surround _______

myelinated and unmyelinated CNS axons

Astrocytes are

chemical regulators

astrocytes are the _______ cell

most numerous

astrocytes also provide ____________ and cause ___

structural support

scar tissue formation