Culture

Acculturation

(Learning Topic 3.8) process of a group of people adopting only certain customs from other people that will be to their advantage but retaining most of their original cultural traits

Anatolian Hearth Theory

(Learning Topic 3.7) A theory that suggests that the speakers of the Original (Proto) Indo-European language lived in modern-day Turkey during the Neolithic era (6000 BCE)

Animistic religion

(Learning Topic 3.7) The belief that inanimate objects

Assimilation

(Learning Topic 3.8) Process of less dominant cultures losing their culture to a more dominant culture. Typically occurs to immigrants in new countries.

Baptists

(Learning Topic 3.7) A type of Protestantism that combines with African traditions brought over by slaves. Religion that focused on the power of local churches

stresses following in example

each person interprets the Bible the way the Holy Spirit tells them how

emphasis on New Testament

no Church creeds.

Buddhism

(Learning Topic 3.7) Belief system that started in Northern India in the 500s BC. through stimulus diffusion. It retains the belief of reincarnation (a legacy of Hinduism) but it rejects the caste system. Buddhism is a universalizing religion.

Caste system

(Learning Topic 3.7) a set of rigid social categories that people of the Hindu faith are born into. It determines a person's occupation and economic potential

Cathedral

(Learning Topic 3.2) see image for Catholic sacred space

Catholicism

(Learning Topic 3.7) A branch of Christianity that developed in the western Roman Empire and that recognized the Pope as its supreme head

Centrifugal forces

(Learning Topic 3.3) forces within a country that divide the country

Centripetal forces

(Learning Topic 3.3) Forces that tend to unite or bind a country together.

Christianity

(Learning Topic 3.7) A universalizing religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus

Church

(Learning Topic 3.2) see image for Protestant sacred space

Colonialism/Imperialism

(Learning Topic 3.5) Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political

whereas

Imperialism does this diplomacy or force.

Confucianism

(Learning Topic 3.7) A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

Contagious Diffusion

(Learning Topic 3.4) A type of Expansion Diffusion. The rapid

Creole language/creolization

(Learning Topic 3.5) A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. It evolves from a pidgin language. When a pidgin languages has a native speaker

Cultural Complex

(Learning Topic 3.1) The different parts of a culture that make up a larger identity of a population.

Cultural convergence

(Learning Topic 3.6) The tendency for cultures to become more alike as they increasingly share technology and organizational structures in a modern world united by improved transportation and communication.

Cultural divergence

(Learning Topic 3.6) The likelihood or tendency for cultures to become increasingly dissimilar with the passage of time.

Cultural imperialism

(Learning Topic 3.5) the dominance of one culture over another usually due to colonialism or military dominance

Cultural landscape

(Learning Topic 3.2) The combinations of physical features

Cultural nationalism

(Learning Topic 3.6) the government's promotion of one culture over another culture because of the desire to preserve the nation's culture. Example: The Chinese government controls the internet so that it can promote certain cultural traits

Cultural Relativism

(Learning Topic 3.1) not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms. Can help create a multicultural society and discourages assimilation.

Culture

(Learning Topic 3.1) Beliefs

Dialects

(Learning Topic 3.7) a particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group. Example: Southern US uses the word "y'all" and the Midwest US uses the word "you guys".

Diaspora

(Learning Topic 3.5) the settlement of the Jewish population outside Israel

Distance decay

(Learning Topic 3.5) decline of activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin

Eastern Orthodox

(Learning Topic 3.7) this Christian religion broke away from the Roman church when it would not accept the authority of the Pope as the head of the church. It is dominant places like Russia

Endangered language

(Learning Topic 3.6) a language that is at risk of falling out of use as its speakers die out or shift to speaking another language

Ethnic Neighborhood

(Learning Topic 3.2) an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background

Ethnic religion

(Learning Topic 3.7) religion that is identified with a particular ethnic or tribal group and that does not seek new converts. Ethnic religions include Judaism and Hinduism. Ethnic religions typically diffuse through relocation diffusion rather than expansion diffusion.

Ethnicity

(Learning Topic 3.2) the cultural heritage of where you or your family is from and how you are raised.

Ethnocentrisim

(Learning Topic 3.1) evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture. Can act as a centripetal force in homogeneous countries and a centrifugal force in heterogeneous countries.

Expansion Diffusion

A type of diffusion where an aspect of culture spreads outward from the hearth

Extinct language

(Learning Topic 3.6) language once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used

Folk culture

(Learning Topic 3.1) Culture traditionally practiced by a small

Gender Enfranchisement

(Learning Topic 3.3) giving political rights

Gender Gap

(Learning Topic 3.2) the discrepancy in opportunities

Gender

(Learning Topic 3.2) the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female

Gendered Space/Place

(Learning Topic 3.2) in terms of place

Globalization

(Learning Topic 3.6) the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

Hajj

(Learning Topic 3.7) A pilgrimage to Mecca

Hearth

(Learning Topic 3.7) the origin of a culture

Hierarchical Diffusion

(Learning Topic 3.4) A type of Expansion Diffusion. The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other people or places.

Hinduism

(Learning Topic 3.7) The largest ethnic religion and philosophy developed in ancient India

Identity

(Learning Topic 3.2) the traits that make up a person's self concept

Indigenous language

(Learning Topic 3.6) Language native to a region and spoken by the indigenous people of that region. Example: Quechua in Peru

Indo-European languages

(Learning Topic 3.7) The world's most extensively spoken language family by a wide margin. Examples include English

Islam

(Learning Topic 3.7) A Universalizing religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah)

Isogloss

(Learning Topic 3.5) Geographic boundary between different dialects and language groups.

Judaism

(Learning Topic 3.7) An ethnic religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament. Hearth is located in the Middle East.

Kurgan Hearth Theory

(Learning Topic 3.7) Theory of how language first began to diffuse. Started in present day Russia north of Caspian Sea

looking for grasslands for herds

moved west to Europe conquering much of East Europe. Diffusion based in war/conquering

land use patterns

(Learning Topic 3.2) Exploitation of land for agricultural

Language branch

(Learning Topic 3.7) A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families. Example: Romance branch and Germanic branch are both branches in the Indo-European family.

Language family

(Learning Topic 3.7) A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. Example: Indo-European or Afro-Asiatic

Language group

(Learning Topic 3.7) A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. Example: West Germanic and North Germanic are language groups within the Germanic Branch within the Indo-European family.

Language tree

(Learning Topic 3.7) The relationship among 15 families of languages and how they are related to each other

Language

(Learning Topic 3.1) our spoken

Latter Day Saints

(Learning Topic 3.7) The Church of Christ was the original name of the church founded by Joseph Smith

Lingua franca

(Learning Topic 3.5) A language that facilitates communication or trade between people who speak different native languages. Is used to overcome communication barriers

Local culture

(Learning Topic 3.1) a group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community

Material culture

(Learning Topic 3.1) The tangible

Minarets

(Learning Topic 3.2) Tall tower attached to a Muslim mosque

Monolingual states

(Learning Topic 3.8) Countries in which there is one common language spoken amongst the majority of the population

Mosque

(Learning Topic 3.2) see image for Muslim sacred space

Multiculturalism

(Learning Topic 3.8) when people are accepting/supportive of another culture. Multiple cultures can coexist in society.

Multilingual states

(Learning Topic 3.8) Countries in which there are multiple languages spoken amongst the general population

Nonmaterial culture

(Learning Topic 3.1) The intangible

Official language

(Learning Topic 3.6) a language that is given a special legal status in a particular country

Pagoda

(Learning Topic 3.2) see image for Buddhist sacred space

Pidgin/Trade language

(Learning Topic 3.5) form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary

Pilgrimage

(Learning Topic 3.7) A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes. Examples: Hajj for Muslims between Mecca and Medina.

Placelessness

(Learning Topic 3.3) the loss of uniqueness of a place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next

Placemaking or sense of place

(Learning Topic 3.3) The act of creating a unique culture in a place through migration

Popular culture

(Learning Topic 3.1) Culture found in a large

Postmodern Architecture

(Learning Topic 3.2) blends historical foundations with modern touches. Example: skyscrapers in Dubai

Protestantism

(Learning Topic 3.7) a form of Christianity that spread through stimulus diffusion. Protestantism rejected the authority of the Catholic Church

Race

(Learning Topic 3.2) traits based on biological heredity

Reincarnation

(Learning Topic 3.7) In Hinduism and Buddhism

Religion

(Learning Topic 3.1) the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power

Religious extremism

(Learning Topic 3.8) religious groups who advocate or resort to measures beyond the norm

Religious fundamentalism

(Learning Topic 3.8) religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy

Relocation diffusion

(Learning Topic 3.4) The spread of a feature or trend through physical movement of people from one place to another. Does not have to grow in numbers. Skips over areas when diffusion occurs

Residential segregation

(Learning Topic 3.2) different races are relegated to separate neighborhoods

Reverse hierarchical diffusion

(Learning Topic 3.4) A type of expansion diffusion when a trait spreads from areas of little influence to larger

Sacred Places

(Learning Topic 3.2) These places hold special importance for followers of specific faiths. They may be burial grounds

Sacred space

(Learning Topic 3.2) the place where religious figures and congregations meet to perform religious ceremonies. Example: Churches for protestants

Secularism

(Learning Topic 3.8) the principle of the separation of government institutions and persons mandated to represent the state from religious institutions and religious dignitaries.

Sequent occupance

(Learning Topic 3.2) the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place

Shamanism

(Learning Topic 3.7) An animistic religion or spiritual expression

Shari'a laws

(Learning Topic 3.7) Legal systems based on traditional Islamic laws.

Shia

(Learning Topic 3.7) the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad. he division between Sunni and Shia faiths is an example of stimulus diffusion.