DNA RNA

Stores genetic information.

Primary function of DNA

Carries and uses genetic information to make proteins.

Primary function of RNA

Double helix.

Structural shape of DNA

Single strand.

Structural shape of RNA

2 strands.

Number of strands in a DNA molecule

1 strand.

Number of strands in an RNA molecule

Adenine with Thymine (A-T) and Cytosine with Guanine (C-G).

Complementary nitrogenous base pairs in DNA

Adenine with Uracil (A-U) and Cytosine with Guanine (C-G).

Complementary nitrogenous base pairs in RNA

Deoxyribose.

Sugar component found in DNA

Ribose.

Sugar component found in RNA

Nucleus.

Primary cellular location of DNA in eukaryotes

Nucleus and cytoplasm.

Cellular locations of RNA

The basic chemical building block of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

Nucleotide

A phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Three components of a nucleotide

DNA stores the instructions required to synthesize proteins.

Relationship between DNA and proteins

The monomer building blocks that link together to form proteins.

Amino acids

RNA carries genetic instructions from DNA to direct protein synthesis.

Relationship between DNA and RNA

The biological process by which cells build proteins.

Protein synthesis

Transcription and translation.

Two main stages of protein synthesis

The process where DNA instructions are copied into mRNA.

Transcription

Nucleus.

Cellular location of transcription in eukaryotes

The process in which ribosomes decode mRNA and assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain.

Translation

Cytoplasm at a ribosome.

Cellular location of translation

Carries transcribed genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosome.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Transports specific amino acids to the ribosome according to mRNA codons.

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Forms a structural component of ribosomes and catalyzes peptide bond formation.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

$$\text{DNA} \rightarrow \text{mRNA} \rightarrow \text{protein}$$

Sequential order of protein synthesis

Disrupted cellular homeostasis, abnormal cell function, or disease.

Consequence of protein overproduction

A three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that codes for an amino acid or stop signal.

Codon

AUG.

Universal start codon

Methionine.

Amino acid specified by the AUG codon

UAA, UAG, and UGA.

The three stop codons

Signals the termination of protein translation.

Function of a stop codon

Uracil (U).

Base pairing: DNA Adenine (A) during RNA transcription

Adenine (A).

Base pairing: DNA Thymine (T) during RNA transcription

Guanine (G).

Base pairing: DNA Cytosine (C) during RNA transcription

Cytosine (C).

Base pairing: DNA Guanine (G) during RNA transcription

A gene mutation where one nucleotide is swapped for a different nucleotide.

Substitution mutation

A point mutation that causes a change in a single amino acid.

Missense mutation

A nucleotide alteration that does not change the amino acid sequence.

Silent mutation

A mutation that converts an amino acid codon into a premature stop codon.

Nonsense mutation

A genetic change involving the addition of one or more nucleotide bases.

Insertion mutation

A genetic change involving the removal of one or more nucleotide bases.

Deletion mutation

A shift in the triplet reading frame caused by insertions or deletions not in multiples of three.

Frameshift mutation

Substitution replaces an existing nucleotide, whereas insertion adds new nucleotide(s).

Difference between substitution and insertion

Insertion adds nucleotide(s), whereas deletion eliminates nucleotide(s).

Difference between insertion and deletion

Transcription.

First step of protein synthesis

Translation.

Second step of protein synthesis

Aspartic acid.

Amino acid specified by mRNA codon GAU

Proline.

Amino acid specified by mRNA codon CCU

Valine.

Amino acid specified by mRNA codon GUA

Cysteine.

Amino acid specified by mRNA codon UGC

Signals translation termination (stop codon).

Function of mRNA codon UGA

A form of asexual division in prokaryotes where one cell splits into two identical cells.

Binary fission

The repeating sequence of growth, DNA synthesis, and division phases in a cell.

Cell cycle

The cell cycle stage where the cell grows, executes metabolic functions, and duplicates its DNA.

Interphase

The division of the cell nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei.

Mitosis

The physical division of the cytoplasm to generate two distinct daughter cells.

Cytokinesis

The developmental process through which unspecialized cells acquire distinct functions and structures.

Cell differentiation