med term mod 10 - urinary system

dys-

bad or difficult

poly-

much or many

-iasis

process; condition; state

-ptosis

falling, drooping, or prolapse of an organ

-tripsy

process of crushing

cyst/o-

bladder; fluid-filled sac ; semisolid cyst

glycos/o-

glucose; sugar

nephr/o-

kidney; nephron

py/o-

pus

urethr/o-

urethra

enur/o-

urinate

hemat/o-

blood

neur/o-

nerve

pyel/o- **

renal pelvis

vagin/o-

vagina

gen/o-

arising from; produced by

hydr/o-

water; fluid

noct/o-

night

ren/o-

kidney

vesic/o-

bladder; fluid-filled sac

glomerul/o-

glomerulus

lith/o-

stone

olig/o-

few; scanty

ur/o-

urinary system; urine

urinary system

• organs of urinary tract comprising kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

congenital

• present at birth , or being transmitted direct from parents,

= show themselves some time after birth

bladder

• hollow organ of lower abdomen that stores urine

• urine enters the bladder through ureters

is an expandable reservoir for storing urine.

fundus

• part of hollow organ across from/ farthest away from the organ’s opening

• fundus may be at top or bottom of an organ

• e.g. fundus of uteris is top part of uterus across from cervix (uterus opening)

• fundus of bladder is the back bottom part of the bladder

• other orgs w/ fundus: gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, bladder

• THE BOTTOM OR BASE OF AN ORGAN

prostate gland

• gland in male reprod sys that is located just below the bladder

• surrounds part of the urethra,

• helps to control urination and forms part of semen content

kidney

• pair of organs located on rt + lt sides behind abdomen (in retroperitoneal space)

• primarily removes waste products from the blood + produces urine

• filters waste prods, chemicals, and unneeded water from blood

renal pelvis

• the center of the kidney

• urine collects in renal pelvis + is funneled into the ureter

urea

• substance that contains nitrogen + is normally cleared from the blood by the kidney + excreted via the urine

• if kidney func compromised cuz of disease, inc blood lvls of urea often present that can be measured by BUN test

ureter

• one of 2 tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

• arises from kidneys + ends in bladder

urethra

• the tube that leads from the bladder + transports + discharges urine outside the body

• in males, urethra travels through penis + carries semen + urine

• in fems, urethra is shorter + it emerges above vaginal opening

• The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

urination

• the discharge of urine (liquid waste processed by the kidney) from the body

sphincter

• muscle that surrounds and contracts to close a normal opening like from the intestinal tract or urinary tract

• damage to anal or urethral sphincters can cause fecal + urinary incontincnce (respectively)

external urethral sphincter

• muscular mechanism (ring) that controls the retention and release of urine from the bladder

• 2 urethral sphincts: internal + external

• internal urethral sphnicter: involunt

• external urethral sphincter: voluntary control

• == made of urogenital diaphragm muscle

anuria

condition in which no urine is voided

• often cause by kidney func failure or kidney stone obstruction

dysuria

• pain during urination or difficulty urinating

• norm cause: inflamm of urethra , freq result of infection

glycosuria

• appearance of an abnormally large amount of glucose in the urine

• can be due to hyperglycemia or genetic defects in renal absorption

hematuria

2 types:

—> gross hematuria: when a person can see blood in the urine

—> microscopic hematuria: when a person cant see blood in urine but you can see it in microscope

nocturia

• excessive urinating at night

• can be normal + common at aging

• but can be sign of diabetes or urinary infect too

oliguria

• less urination than normal

• - onset is freq acute

• often earliest sign of impaired renal func

polyuria

• production of excessive urine amounts

• symp of diabetes and chronic renal failure

pyuria

• pus in the urine

• sign of inflamm often related to infection

Pus or white blood cells in the urine, usually indicates a urinary tract infection.

UTI

urinary tract infection

urinary tract infection (UTI)

• an infection of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or urethra

• (occurs when bact enter bladder/ urethra and multiply

• can be asymptomatic but symps: freq urge to urinate + pain or burning when urinate

cystitis

• inflammation of the bladder

• cause mostly: UTI

glomerulonephritis

• acute or chronic nephritis that involves inflamm of renal glomeruli capills

• can be classified diff types

pyelonephritis

• inflamm of the substance of the kidney (lining of renal pelvis + parenchyma of kidney) as result of bact infect

• can be acute or chronic

• most oft cause: ascent of bact from bladder up the ureters to infect kidneys

urethritis

• inflamm of the urethra

• lots of causes like STDs + cystitis (bact infect of bladder)

calculi

• abnormal concretion occurring mostly in urinary + biliary tracts

• usually composed of mineral salts

• AKA stones

• sng: calculus

fistula

• abnormal passageway between organs. vessels, or others structs that are not normally connected

• e.g. anal fistula - opening in the skin near anus

• e.g. vesicovaginal fistula: abnormal anatomical passage between urinary bladder + vagina

enuresis

• involunt urination

• nocturnal enuresis : involunt discharge of urine during sleep at night after expected age of completed development of urinary control

• many cause: kidney, bladder, ureter, sphincter disorders,

hydronephrosis

• distention (accumulation) of the kidney with urine

• caused by obstruct of urine outflow like stone blocking ureter

• Distention or enlargement of the kidney due to constant pressure from backer-up urine in the ureter because of an obstructing stone or stricture.

nephrolithiasis

• condition in which calculi (stones) are present in the kidney

• kidney stones: hard deposits of minerals + salts that form inside the kidneys

• kidney stones form when urine gets concent allowing minerals to crystallize + stick together

nephroptosis

• condition in which kidney is mobile or floating instead of being fixed to back of abdominal cavity

• defined when kidney descends more than 2 vertebral bodies (over 5 cm) during a position change from supine to upright

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incontinence

the inablity to control excretions, to hold urine in the bladder, or to keep feces in the rectum

• urinary stress incontinence: involunt discharge of urine as resilt of physical activities that inc abdominal pressure on urinary bladder

neurogenic bladder

• dysfunc of the urinary bladder cuz of CNS or PNS sys diseases involved in urination control

• often assoc w/ spinal cord diseases but may be caused by brain or peripheral nerve diseases

cystocele

• bulging of the bladder into the vagina

• occurs when supportive tissue between women’s bladder + vaginal wall weakens + stretches, alowing bladder to bulge into the vagina

Hernia in which the bladder bulges through a weakness in the muscular wall of the vagina in a female.

urinary retention

• inability to empty the urinary bladder with voiding (urination )

nephropathy

• any kidney disease

• caused by damage to the small BVs or to units in kidney that clean blood

• ppl who have chronic prolonged diabetes may develop nephropathy

PKD

polycystic kidney disease

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

• inherited disorder that is characterized by development of innumerable cysts in the kidneys filled with fluid + replace much of the mass of the kidneys

• these cysts eventually reduce kidney func, leading to kidney failure

renal failure

• condition in which the kidneys perform below the normal lvl in ability to remove wastes, concent urine, and maintain electrolyte balance, BP and calcium metabolism

BUN

blood urea nitrogen

blood urea nitrogen

(BUN)

• measure of the urea lvl in the blood

• diseases that compromise kidney func freq lead to inc BUN lvls

C&S

culture and sensitivity

• culture tests to find germs like bact/ fungus

• sensitivity test sees what med (e.g. antibiotic) will work best to treat theillness or infection

• This is an abbreviation for a urine test that puts urine onto culture medium in a Petri dish to identify the cause of a UTI. Once the organism is identified, its sensitivity to various antibiotic drugs is determined.

UA

urinalysis

urinalysis ( UA)

• done to analyze urine

• finding toxins + excess fluid can provide imp health clues

• urine test to describe characteristics of the urine and detect substances in it:

catheterization

• use/insertion of a tubular device into a duct, BV, hollow organ, or body cavity for injection or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes

Foley catheterization CAP F

passage of a catheter into the urinary bladder or kidney

The name of the indwelling catheter used to drain urine continuously:

dialysis

• the separation of particles in a liquid on the basis of differences in their ability to pass thru a memb

• Dialysis removes waste products from the blood of patients in renal failure.

• Dialysis is the process of cleansing the blood by passing it through a special machine.

• Dialysis is necessary when the kidneys are not able to filter the blood.

• It gives patients with kidney failure a chance to live productive lives.

hemodialysis

• the process of cleansing the blood by passing it thru a special machine

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• necessary when kidneys are not able to filter the blood

• 2 types: hemodialysis that takes 4 hrs at a clinic

• -peritoneal dialysis: done at. home

lithotripsy

• the breaking (by shock waves or crushing with a surgical instrument) of a calculus in the urinary sys into pieces small enoough to be voided or washed out

ESWL

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

• disintegrate (kidney) stones using shock waves + is minimally invasive

• is a procedure done to break up kidney stones.

IVP

intravenous pyelography

intravenous pyelography (IVP)

• is a type of x-ray that looks at the kidneys, bladder, and the ureters that connect them

• uses very small does of ionizing radition to prod pics of the inside of the abdominal cavity

VCUG

voiding cysturethrography

voiding cysturethrography (VCUG)

• minimally invasive test that uses dye + a special x ray technology (fluoroscopy) to visualize the urinary tract and bladder b4, during, and after voiding

• uses to assess bladder + urethral abnorms + to determne if a patient has ureteral reflux (when urine in bladder is flowing back into the ureters) which can lead to infect

cystoscopy

• procedure in which a lighted optical instrument called a cystocope is inserted thru urethra to look at bladder

cystectomy

• surgical procedure to remove bladder

nephrectomy

• excision of a kidney

nephrolithotomy

• surgical procedure using an endoscope inserted thru a small inscision of the kidney for removal of kidney stones

nephrosis

The term nephrosis is a noninflammatory disease of the kidneys chiefly affecting function of the nephrons.

-cele

hernia