HD Exam 2

Sibling relationships are:

Life's longest, most enduring relationships

Sibling direct contributions include:

1. Naturally occurring teaching experiences benefit both "teacher" and "learner"

2. Caregiving opportunities

3. Facilitate interpersonal skills (encounter "the other", conflict management

4. Facilitate moral growth: sharing, justice, altruism; "it's not all about me"

5. Older siblings may buffer younger siblings from the negative effects of family turmoil

6. Understand that love is not a finite resource

What do indirect sibling contributions include?

Older siblings shape parent/teacher expectations of younger siblings and parent's self-esteem and parenting skills and decision-making

Differential treatment is problematic if:

One has a difficult relationship w/ parents

Differential treatment is non-problematic if:

Child understands legitimacy of differential treatment (e.g. disability)

Socio-metrically popular refers to:

Large majority of peers actively like the individual and very few peers dislike them

Perceived popular is best described as:

Powerful/socially dominant individuals who most assume are well liked but that is not necessarily true (they are more disliked than people realize)

Average accepted refers to:

 Viewed generally favorably by peers but do not elicit strong feelings by most

What does neglected in social terms refer to?

 Go relatively unnoticed by peers; neither actively liked or disliked

Rejected in social terms refers to:

Actively disliked by many and actively liked by very few; two types

What are the two reasons why people are socially rejected?

They are either rejected due to overly aggressive/bully behaviors or for reasons not due to aggression

Controversial is best described as:

 Actively liked by some peers while simultaneously disliked by other peers (leaders have tendency towards aggressiveness or arrogance)

What are the correlates of popularity?

Physical attractiveness/timing of maturation, self efficacy, athletic ability, socioeconomic status, and social competence/perspective talking ability

What does self efficacy refer to?

The belief in one's ability to achieve a desired result (self agency)

Social competence/perspective talking ability refers to:

The ability to perceive, and adapt to, socially relevant factors in a given situation

What is Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development?

The interplay b/w psychological maturation and increased social expectation creates a series of psychosocial "crises" that an individual needs to successfully resolve for optimal development

The infant stages include:

Trust vs. Mistrust: can the completely dependent infant learn to trust the world?

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt: can the toddler learn bodily self-control?

What are the childhood stages?

Initiative vs. Guilt and Industry vs. Inferiority

Initiative vs. Guilt is best described as:

The discovery of the world by activity, curiosity, and exploration or immobilized by fear and guilt

Industry vs. Inferiority refers to:

Child learns to enjoy or strive for accomplishment in the world or develops sense of inadequacy

What does the Adolescent/Young Adult Stages include?

Identity vs. Identity Diffusion, which is the fundamental development task of adolescence is to form and establish one's own identity

Identity is best described as:

A sense of: continuity b/w one's past, present, and future selves; being at home in one's body; knowing where one is going; recognition from others

One must demonstrate fidelity (commitment) to beliefs, values, relationships, and a vocational path

True

What does Identity diffusion mean?

 The lack of a clear, stable sense of self and not actively trying to explore or define who you are

Moratorium is best described as:

A period of physical and cognitive maturity and yet sanctioned postponement of definitive commitment (time to figure things out)

What are the 4 types of young adulthood identity statuses?

Identity achievement, Foreclosure, Moratoriums, and Diffusion

Identity achievement refers to:

Person has gone through period of exploration toward making identity commitments

Foreclosure is best described as:

Person has made identity commitments w/o period of exploration

Moratoriums are best described as:

Individual is actively exploring identity commitments

Diffusion refers to:

The individual is lacking in both commitment and time for exploration

What do the adult stages include?

Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs Stagnation, and Integrity vs Despair

Intimacy vs. Isolation refers to:

Will individual’s identity become expanded into shared identity or will self become estranged from others?

Generativity vs Stagnation is best described as:

A widening of social and vocational commitments to care for others beyond oneself or continued self-absorption

What does Integrity vs Despair refer to?

Appreciating previous life experiences or becoming bitter, resentful, negative

What does adolescence refer to?

The bridge from childhood to adulthood; begins w/ puberty and ends in psychological maturity

What does the Psychoanalytic Interpretation of Adolescence argue?

That adolescence is a process of "individuation" and a "psychological weaning" from infantile ties to become a member of the adult world

Crucial adolescent task refers to:

The separation from parental dependency and finding extra-familial love objects

What does the “process” aspect of the crucial adolescent task involve?

The alternation of progressive and regressive movements

Cathexis is best described as:

The concentration of psychic energy on one particular person, idea, or object

What are the phases of adolescent development?

Latency, Prepuberty, Puberty, Mid-adolescence, and Late adolescence/early adulthood

The latency stage is best described as:

Life is relatively free of psychic conflicts, child/caregiver harmony

What occurs during the prepubescent stage?

An increase in libidinal (sexual) drives and decrease in ego control (restlessness, moodiness, increase in aggression)

What happens during puberty?

A general beginning of separation from early ties, conflict w/ primary caregiver

Explain the subcategories that occur during puberty.

Libidinal energy seeks an extra-familial outlet, a strong psychic/affective cathexis in friends, as they serve as "ego-ideals: the missing perfection of the self, friendships become fragile (self-cathexis), and adolescent ambivalence (conflicted)

Self-cathexis refers to:

The overvaluation of self, touchiness, self-absorption

What happens during Mid-adolescence?

An increased libidinal drives/beginnings of sexual, romantic drives that holds main focus or interest

What are the two subcategories of mid-adolescence?

Irrevocable emotional disengagement from parents and mourning response

Mourning response is best described as:

The adolescent incurs a real loss in the renunciation of parents and experiences inner emptiness, grief, and sadness

What occurs during Late adolescence/early adulthood?

Consolidation, stabilization of ego, decline in inner crisis and the realistic perception of parents and rapprochment (reestablishment of relationship)

Adolescence is a time of increasing psychological autonomy, individuation, and "shifting libidinal cathexis"

True

What is Piaget’s view of children?

Childhood cognitive development takes place in a series of "qualitative leaps", at each stage a child doesn't just know more, but thinks differently than before

What occurs during the sensorimotor stage?

At the age of birth to 2 years, they develop object permanence

Object permanence refers to:

The knowledge that objects exist even when not in view that develops from 8 months to a year old

What happens during the preoperationl stage?

At the ages of 2-7 years old, the child develops an operational method for transposing information

What was the conservation task used for?

To test a child's awareness that the physical properties of a substance remain constant despite changes in shape, length, or position

The cognitive errors in preoperational children include:

Their thoughts are dominated by perception, centration, irreversibility, and egocentrism

Centration is best described as:

The tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem

Irreversibility refers to:

The inability to envision reversing an action

Egocentrism is best described as:

The limited ability to share another's perspective

What occurs during the concrete operational stage?

Around 7 to 11 years, the child can utilize thought processes (operations) for solving concrete (real, observable) problems

What happens during the formal operations stage?

At approximately 12 years and up, the child can now apply logic (operations) to problems that are hypothetical, purely verbal, or abstract

What can formal operational thinkers do?

1. Understand abstractions, metaphorical thinking, get beyond "surface level"

2. Think about their thinking

3. Engage in "if then" thinking; consider consequences of actions

4. Engage in idealistic thought

5. Become increasingly self-conscious

When does formal operational thinking become possible?

At puberty but often develops much later or not at all

People can develop operations in one discipline or mode of thinking but not in others

True

Formal operational thinkers can improvise rather than:

Just "play the scales" of their discipline

Emerging adulthood refers to:

The newly circumscribed developmental phase from approximately 18-25 years old

What are the first 5 characteristics of emerging adulthood according to J Arnett?

1. Opportunity for identity exploration in realms of love, vocation, and worldviews

2. The "roleless role": Independent of social roles, normative expectations of either adolescence or adulthood

3. Subjective feeling of being "in-between"

4. Instability - residential mobility peaks in mid-twenties

5. Self-focus - uncontrolled by social ties (familial or vocational commitments)

What are the last 5 characteriatics of J Arnett’s emerging adulthood?

6. Energized and bewildered by an array of identity possibilities

7. Shift from activity-based explorations to more serious, identity-focused explorations

8. Risk behavior - substance abuse, binge drinking, drunk driving, unprotected sex reaches its height

9. Culturally constructed, not universal

10. The age of transformative life events

Reminiscence bump is best described as:

 Older adults have amplified memories of adolescence/emerging adulthood years