Unit 3 Exam

Tissue

An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both

Organ

A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues

Organ system

A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.

Epithelial tissue

Sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities as well as external surfaces.

Cuboidal

Cube epithelial cell shape that look like dices

Columnar

Long and slender epithelial cell shape that look like bricks on end

Squamous

Flat epithelial cell shape that resemble floor tiles

Simple

Epithelial cell arrangement that is a single layer thick

Stratified

Epithelial cell arrangement that is made of multiple tiers/layers of cells

Pseudostratified

Epithelial cell arrangement that is a single layer with varying lengths

Connective tissue

Type of animal tissue that functions to bind and support other tissues, having sparse cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix

Loose connective tissue

Connective tissue that holds organs in place and attaches epithelial tissue to other underlying tissues

Cartilage

A flexible connective tissue with collagenous fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate

Fibrous connective tissue

Connective tissue composed of bundles of collagenous fibers that forms ligaments and tendons to bones to joints and muscles

Adipose tissue

A connective tissue that insulates the body and serves as a fuel reserve

Blood

A connective tissue with a fluid matrix called plasma in which red blood cells, white bloods cells, and cell fragments called platelets are suspended.

Bone

A connective tissue consisting of living cells held in a rigid matrix of collagen fibers embedded in calcium crystals

Muscle tissue

Type of animal tissue consisting of long cells that can contract

Skeletal muscle

A type of striated muscle tissue that is generally responsible for voluntary movements

Smooth muscle

A type of muscle tissue that lacks striations and is responsible for involuntary body activities

Cardiac muscle

A type of striated muscle that forms the contractile wall of the heart

Nervous tissue

A tissue made up of neurons and supporting cells involved in sensing stimuli and transmitting signals throughout the body

Endocrine system

In animals, the internal system of communication involving hormones that effects internal regulation and maintains homeostasis.

Hormones

In multicellular organisms, secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells to change their functioning

A -Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

B - Simple Columnar Epithelium

C - Simple Squamous Epithelium

D - Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

E - Stratified Squamous Epithelium

F - Skeletal Muscle

G - Smooth Muscle

H - Cardiac Muscle

Homeostasis

The steady-state physiological condition of the body

Negative Feedback

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change

Positive Feedback

A control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change

Acclimatization

Physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor

Thermoregulation

The maintenance of body temperature within a tolerable rang

Endothermic

Referring to organisms that are warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism

Ectothermic

Referring to organisms for which external sources provide most of the heat for temperature regulation

Hypothalamus

The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining homeostasis including acting as the thermostat for thermoregulation

• Define the terms tissue, organ, and organ system. Name the four main categories of tissues.

• Tissue: A group of integrated cells with a common structure and function that work together as a unit.

• Organ: A specialized body part composed of multiple tissue types organized to perform a specific physiological function.

• Organ System: A group of organs that cooperate to carry out vital life processes for the organism.

• Four Main Categories of Tissues: Epithelial tissue (covers body surfaces and lines organs), connective tissue (supports and binds other tissues), muscle tissue (contracts to enable movement), and nervous tissue (senses stimuli and transmits signals).

• Distinguish between regulators and conformers for physiological processes like thermoregulation. Explain how an animal may be both a regulator and a conformer at the same time for different processes.

• Regulator: Controls internal conditions using energy, keeping them constant despite external changes (e.g., otter maintaining body heat).

• Conformer: Allows internal conditions to change alongside external environmental changes (e.g., fish matching water temperature).

• Both at Once: An animal can regulate one process while conforming to another—like a marine fish keeping internal salt levels steady (regulator) while letting its body temperature track the water (conformer).

A working animal body arises from successive levels of structural organization. Which option below correctly orders the levels of animal body structural organization from the fundamental level to the most complex level of organization?

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

The evolutionary adaptations that enable survival vary among environments and species but frequently result in a close match of form to __________ .

function

Of the following options, which best describes a function of epithelial tissue?

attaching bones to one another

propelling food through the digestive tract

 

the rapid relay of information from one part of the body to another

 

providing the interior lining of blood vessels

 

energy storage

providing the interior lining of blood vessels

Which of the following connective tissues is created by chondrocytes that secrete chondroitin sulfate which strengthens the tissue?

 

cartilage

 

blood

 

adipose tissue

 

loose connective tissue

 

nervous tissue

cartilage

Which type of connective tissues insulates the body and stores excess chemical energy?

adipose tissue

When comparing skeletal muscle and smooth muscle, what is true of smooth muscle but not true of skeletal muscle?

It generally cannot be contracted at will.

Which of the following correctly pairs a tissue and its function?

smooth muscle-contractions of the heart to pump blood

cartilage-rigid structure

 

fibrous connective tissue-stores energy

 

adipose-forms tendons

 

neurons-forms a communication and coordination system within the body

neurons-forms a communication and coordination system within the body

Homeostasis is best illustrated by which of these examples?

 

When blood CO₂ increases, you breathe faster and get rid of CO₂.

 

All the cells in the body have much the same chemical composition.

 

The lung has a large surface for exchange of gases.

 

Cells of the skin are constantly worn off and replaced.

 

All organs are composed of the same four types of tissue.

When blood CO₂ increases, you breathe faster and get rid of CO₂.

The homeostatic control mechanism of negative feedback 

counteracts a change in a condition by causing the change to either moderate or stop

By definition, an endotherm _____.

can generate enough metabolic heat to keep its body temperature above that of its surroundings

Nutrition

The process by which organisms take in and make use of food substances

Carnivore

An animal that mainly eats other animals

Herbivore

An animal that mainly eats plants or algae

Omnivore

An animal that regularly eats animals as well as plants or algae

Essential Nutrients

A substance that an organism cannot synthesize from any other material and therefore must absorb in preassembled form.

Malnutrition

The condition that develops when the body does not get the right amount of essential nutrients it needs to maintain healthy tissues and organ function

Undernourishment

The condition that develops when the body does not get enough food to provide the required amount of calories for growth and development

Ingestion

The first stage of food processing in animals: the act of eating

Digestion

The second stage of food processing in animals: the breaking down of food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb

Mechanical Digestion

The process of chewing or grinding that increases the surface area of food

Chemical Digestion

Digestion by enzymes that splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes

Absorption

The third stage of food processing in animals: the uptake of small nutrient molecules by an organism’s body

Elimination

The fourth and final stage of food processing in animals: the passing of undigested material out of the body.

Oral Cavity

The mouth of an animal where mechanical digestion occurs

Esophagus

A muscular tube that conducts food, by peristalsis, from the pharynx to the stomach

Stomach

An organ of the digestive system that stores food and performs preliminary steps of chemical digestion

Small intestine

The longest section of the alimentary canal; the principal site of the enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and the absorption of nutrients.

Large intestine

The portion of the vertebrate alimentary canal between the small intestine and the anus; functions mainly in water absorption and the formation of feces.

Pancreas

A digestive system accessory organ that secretes enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small intestine via a duct

Liver

A digestive system accessory organ that produces bile for lipid digestion

Gallbladder

A digestive system accessory organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine

A - Mouth

B - Esophagus

C - Stomach

D - Small Intestine

E - Large Intestine

F - Salivary Glands

G - Gastric Glands

H - Liver and Pancreas

• Compare and contrast undernourishment, overnourishment, and malnourishment.

• Undernourishment: Result of a diet that fails to provide sufficient chemical energy (calories), forcing the body to break down its own tissues for fuel.

• Overnourishment: Result of consuming excessive calorie intake, leading to the storage of surplus energy as fat and increasing risks for metabolic disorders.

• Malnourishment: Result of a long-term absence or deficiency of essential nutrients (like vitamins, minerals, or amino acids) in the diet, even if overall caloric intake is sufficient.

• Explain how the small intestine is specialized for chemical digestion and absorption.

• Chemical Digestion: The duodenum uses enzymes from the pancreas, bile from the liver, and its own secretions to break down all major food molecules.

• Enormous Surface Area: Folded lining packed with microscopic villi and microvilli maximizes nutrient absorption.

• Efficient Transport: Epithelial cells absorb nutrients directly into blood capillaries or lymphatic vessels (lacteals) for transport.

A complete diet must include which of the following?

 

only essential nutrients

 

essential nutrients and chemical energy to power all body activities

 

only organic raw materials to make your own molecules

 

essential nutrients, chemical energy to power all body activities, and organic raw materials to make your own molecules

 

only chemical energy to power all body activities

essential nutrients, chemical energy to power all body activities, and organic raw materials to make your own molecules

To make all of the proteins of our body we need essential amino acids. The reason they are considered essential is that they

cannot be made from other amino acids in our body

Food processing in the digestive system occurs in which order?

ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

Some animals have a gastrovascular cavity for digestion instead of an alimentary canal. A difference between them is that a gastrovascular cavity 

has only a single opening.

Which of these is not a reason why there are specialized compartments for digestions in animals?

 

the environment of digestion must favor the action of digestive enzymes

 

the environment of digestion must be contained

 

specialization of the sites of digestion promotes efficiency

 

the animal's body must be protected from its own digestive enzymes

 

the animal's body must be protected from the food

the animal's body must be protected from the food

Of the options below, which one correctly lists the sequence of the organs that make up the human digestive tract?

 

pharynx, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, large intestine

 

esophagus, pharynx, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

 

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

 

esophagus, pharynx, stomach, large intestine, small intestine

 

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Within the stomach, which of these are secreted by the cells of the gastric glands?

mucus, pepsinogen, and hydrochloric acid

The digestive system includes many accessory organs including the pancreas. What is the role of the pancreas in the digestive system?

It produces digestive enzymes and neutralizes the stomach acids.

The digestive systems of different animals have various adaptations based on the food they eat and their environment. Which of the statements below about these adaptations is false?

 

Many herbivorous vertebrates house large populations of symbiotic bacteria and protists in special fermentation chambers in their alimentary canals.

 

Animals do not produce enzymes that hydrolyze cellulose.

 

The intestines of carnivores tend to be longer than the intestines of herbivores of similar overall body size.

 

The teeth of carnivores tend to be sharper than the teeth of herbivores.

The intestines of carnivores tend to be longer than the intestines of herbivores of similar overall body size.

During homeostatic regulation of cellular fuel in the blood, the pancreas will release insulin. What happens when this hormone enters the bloodstream?

ody cells take up more glucose.

Osmoregulation

Regulation of solutes and water balance by a cell or organism

Excretion

The disposal of nitrogen-containing metabolites and other waste products

Osmolarity

Solution concentration expressed as molarity

Osmoconformer

An animal that is isoosmotic with its environment

Osmoregulator

An animal that controls its internal osmolarity independent of the external environment

Transport Epithelia

One or more layers of specialized epithelial cells that carry out and regulate solute movement

Ammonia

One or more layers of specialized epithelial cells that carry out and regulate solute movement

Urea

A soluble nitrogenous waste produced in the liver by a metabolic cycle that combines ammonia and carbon dioxide

Filtrate

Cell-free fluid extracted from the body fluid by the excretory system

Filtration

In the excretory system process, the extraction of water and small solutes, including metabolic wastes, from the body fluid to create the filtrate

Reabsorption

In the excretory system process, the recovery of solutes and water from the filtrate

Secretion

In the excretory system process, the active transport of wastes and certain other solutes from the body fluid into the filtrate

Excretion

In the excretory system process, the disposal of nitrogen-containing metabolites and other waste products

Protonephridium

An excretory system, such as the flame bulb system of flatworms, consisting of a network of tubules lacking internal openings

Metanephridia

An excretory system found in many invertebrates that typically consists of tubules connecting ciliated internal openings to external openings

Malpighian Tubules

A unique excretory organ of insects that empties into the digestive tract, removes nitrogenous wastes from the hemolymph, and functions in osmoregulation

Kidenys

In vertebrates, one of a pair of excretory organs where blood filtrate is formed and processed into urine

A - Filtration

B - Reabsorption

C - Secretion

D - Excretion

E - Capillary

F - Filtrate

G - Excretory Tubule

H - Urine

Bowman’s capsule

A cup-shaped receptacle in the vertebrate kidney that is the initial, expanded segment of the nephron, where filtrate enters from the blood

Proximal Tubule

In the vertebrate kidney, the portion of a nephron immediately downstream from Bowman’s capsule that conveys and helps refine the filtrate

Loop of Henle

The hairpin turn, with a descending and ascending limb, between the proximal and distal tubules of the vertebrate kidney; functions in reabsorption of water and salt