Laboratory Hemodynamic Disorders

Thrombus

Is a blood clot that forms in situ at its orginal site within a blood vessel or the heart

Embolus

Forms when a piece of a thrombus or another material breaks free and travels through the blood stream

Thromboemboli

• Types of emboli

• The most common cause of pulmonary embolism

Fat Emboli

• Types of emboli

• Often resulting from long bone fractures

Amniotic Fluid Emboli

• Types of emboli

• Rare, occurring during childbirth

Air Emboli

• Types of emboli

• Introduced during trauma or medical procedures

Foreign Bodies

• Types of emboli

• bullets, bone chips, or surgical debris

Pulmonary Embolus

Is a blockage in a pulmonary artery caused by material that traveled through the vascular system from a distant site and became lodged

Acute Stage

• Stages of MI

• Tissue appears bright pink under the microscope due to coagulative necrosis

• Bright pink areas on the slide likely represent a more recent infarct

Subacute Stage

• Stages of MI

• The infarcted area starts to degrade and is replaced by granulation tissue, which is paler and blue-gray in color

• Paler gray or blue areas on the slide represent infarcts approx. two weeks old

Healing Stage

• Stages of MI

• Granulation tissue is replaced by dense collagen scar tissue, which appears pale or white grossly and as dense pink under the microscope

Granulation Tissue Formation

• This is a hallmark of healing in an infarct

• It appears blue-gray on the slide due to the presence of immature collagen and cellular components

Fibroblasts

• Granulation tissue formation

• Produce collagen to replace necrotic tissue

Angiogenesis

• Granulation tissue formation

• New blood vessels form to support healing

Inflammatory Cells

• Granulation tissue formation

• Clean up debris and prepare the site for repair

Acute MI

• Microscopic correlation

• Coagulative necrosis of cardiomyocytes

• Inflammatory infiltrates

Subacute MI

• Microscopic correlation

• Replacement of necrotic tissue with granulation tissue

• Proliferating capillaries and fibroblasts

Chronic MI

• Microscopic correlation

• Dense fibrotic scar replacing granulation tissue

• Loss of myocardial function in the scarred area

Mural Thrombus

Is a blood clot that forms on the inner surface of the heart, typically in areas of stasis or turbulent blood flow

Pulmonary Hypertension

Is a condition in which there is increased blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, which supply the lungs.

Cor Pulmonale

As the pulmonary vessels become more muscular and narrowed, pulmonary vascular resistance increases. Over time, this extra resistance makes it harder for the right ventricle of the heart to pump blood through the lungs, which can eventually lead to right-sided heart failure. This is known as?

Atherosclerosis

Is a condition where plaque accumulates on the inner walls of arteries, leading to the thickening and stiffening of the arterial walls.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

Is a severe and complex condition that involves widespread clotting throughout the vascular system, often leading to ischemia and bleeding due to the depletion of clotting factors