anatomy chapter 7 - skeletal system vocab

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canaliculi

tunnel-like extensions through which osteocytes communicateThin layers of bony matrix that form concentric patterns around central canals.

lamellae

thin layers of bony matrix that form concentric patterns around central canals

marrow

a specialized type of soft connective tissue inside of bones that produces blood cells

endosteum

a thin layer of cells that lines the medullary cavity

medullary cavity

the central cavity of a long bone that contains marrow

trabeculae

branching bony plates found in spongy bone, the irregular connecting spaces of which help reduce the bone’s weight

spongy bone

a very porous type of bone found in the epiphyses of long bones

compact bone

tightly packed tissue that makes up the wall of the diaphysis of a long bone

periosteum

a tough covering of dense connective tissue that completely encloses a LONG bone

diaphysis

the shaft of bone between the epiphysis on a long bone

articular cartilage

a layer of hyaline cartilage that coats the outer surface of the articulating portion of the epiphysis

epiphysis

the expanded portion at the end of each long bone that articulates with another bone

irregular bone

a bone with a variety of shapes that is most likely connected to several other bones

flat bone

a plate-like bone with broad surfaces

lacunae

small, bony chambers that house osteocytes

sesamoid bone

a special type of short bone that is small and nodular and develops within a tendon or adjacent to a joint

short bone

a bone that has a roughly equal length + width

long bone

a bone that has a long longitudinal axis and an expanded end

radius

The bone located on the thumb side of the forearm.

Metacarpal Bones

The five bones that form the framework of the palm.

humerus

A long bone that extends from the scapula to the elbow.

Carpal Bones

• Scaphoid

• Lunate

• Triquetrum

• Pisiform

• Trapezium

• Trapezoid

• Capitate

• Hamate

The eight small bones of the wrist.

ulna

The bone that is medial to the radius.

Phalanges

The finger bones are called

Ilium

The largest and upper most portion of the hip bone.

Pubis

This bone constitutes the anterior portion of the hip bone.

Pelvic Girdle

 consists of two coxal bones that articulate with each other anteriorly and wit the sacrum posteriorly.

Ischium

forms the lower portion of the hip bone.

Scapula

The broad, triangular bones located on either side of the upper back.

Sternum

The bone located along the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cage.

Thoracic Cage

This includes the ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and the costal cartilages that attach the ribs to the sternum.

Clavicle

A slender, rod-like bone with an elongated S shape.

Pectoral Girdle

The shoulder girdle composed of two clavicles and two scapulae.

Rib

The bones of the thoracic cage that have a long, slender shaft which curve around the chest and slope downward.

Vertebrae

the irregular bones of the vertebral column

Cervical Vertebrae

the seven bones that form the bony axis of the neck

Lumbar Vertebrae

the five vertebrae in the small of the back

Vertebral Column

the structure called that extends from the skull to the pelvis and protects the spinal cord while supporting the head and trunk of the body

Coccyx

What is the lowest part of the vertebral column called that is composed of four fused vertebrae?

Intervertebral Discs

pads of fibrocartilage that separate the vertebrae of the vertebral column

Thoracic Vertebrae

What are these twelve vertebrae called that are larger than the cervical vertebrae and are adapted to bear increasing loads of body weight?

Atlas

first cervical vertebra that supports the head

Axis

What is the second cervical vertebra called that forms the pivot upon which the atlas rotates?

Palatine Bones

The L-shaped bones located behind the maxillae.

Occipital Bone

The bone that forms the back of the skull and the base of the cranium.

Sphenoid Bones

The bones that help form the base of the cranium, the sides of the skull, and the floors and sides of the orbits.

Mandible

The lower jawbone.

Nasal Bones

The bones that form the bridge of the nose.

Cranium

encloses and protects the brain. The bone of the cranium that forms the anterior portion of the skull above the eyes.

Frontal Bone

The bone of the cranium that forms the anterior portion of the skull above the eyes.

Vomer

The bone that forms the nasal septum.

Ethmoid Bone

The bone that is located in front of the sphenoid bone.

Maxillae

The bones that form the upper jaw.

Lacrimal Bones

A thin, scale-like structure located in the medial wall of each orbit between the ethmoid bone and the maxilla.

Foramen Magnum

The large opening on the lower surface of the occipital bone where nerve fibers from the brain enter the vertebral canal to become part of the spinal cord.

Fontanels

Membranous areas of incomplete ossification in the skull.

Zygomatic Bones

The bones that form the prominences of the cheeks below and to the sides of the eyes.

Parietal Bones

The bones of the cranium located on each side of the skull just behind the frontal bone.

Temporal Bones

The bones that form parts of the sides and base of the cranium.

Facial Skeleton

The bones that form the basic shape of the face.

Inferior Nasal Conchae

Scroll-shaped bones attached to the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.

Tibia

What bone is located on the medial side of the lower leg?

Calcaneus

What is the heel bone that projects backward below the talus called?

Metatarsal Bones

What are the five elongated bones of the instep called?

Fibula

What is the long, slender bone located on the lateral side of the lower leg called?

Femur

What is the longest bone of the body that extends from the hip to the knee called?

Phalanges

What are the bones of the toes?

Tarsal Bones

• Talus

• Calcaneus

• Navicular

• Cuboid

• Medial Cuneiform

• Intermediate Cuneiform

• Lateral Cuneiform

What are the seven bones of the ankle?

Talus

What is the tarsal bone called that can move freely where it joins the tibia and fibula?

joints or articulations

What are the functional junctions between bones called?

ball and socket joint or spheroidal joint

joint that consists of a bone with a globular head that articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone — multiaxial

hyperextension

abnormal extension beyond the normal range of motion, often resulting in injury called

hinge joint

joint that is formed where the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another — uniaxial

cartilaginous joints

joints connected entirely by cartilage

dorsiflexion

Which movement at the ankle brings the foot closer to the shin?

elevation

the upward movement of a structure of the body

fibrous joints

joints that lie between bones that closely contact one another and are held together by a thin layer of dense connective tissue

adduction

moving a part toward the midline or toward the axial line of the limb called

pivot joint

a joint where the cylindrical surface of one bone rotates within a ring formed of bone or ligament — uniaxial

pronation

the rotation of the forearm so the palm faces downward or posteriorly

meniscus

flattened, shock-absorbing pads of fibrocartilage of some synovial joints

protraction

the movement of a part forward or anteriorly

flexion

bending at a joint so the bones come closer together

plane joints (arthroidal joints)

joints of the wrist and ankle that allow sliding and twisting movements — nonaxial, gliding

rotation

the movement of a part around an axis

condylar joint (condyloid / ellipsoidal)

a joint that consists of an ovoid condyle of one bone fitting into the elliptical cavity of another bone — biaxial

plantar flexion

movement at the ankle moves the foot farther from the shin

synovial joints

joints that allow free movement

saddle joint

joint that forms between bones whose articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions — biaxial

supination

the rotation of the forearm so the palm faces upward or anteriorly

bursa

fluid-filled sacs associated with menisci

extension

bending at a joint so the bones move farther apart

abduction

moving a part away from the midline or away from the axial line of the limb called

circumduction

the movement of a part so that its end follows a circular path

eversion

term for the turning of the foot so that the plantar surface faces laterally — pinky toe lifts

retraction

movement that moves a part of the body backward along horizontal plane