Psychotherapy Forces and Theories

What is the primary focus of the First Force in psychotherapy (Psychodynamic approaches)?

Past experiences and the unconscious mind.

Which theorists are primarily associated with the Second Force in psychotherapy (Cognitive and Behavioral approaches)?

B. F. Skinner, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, William Glasser, and Donald Meichenbaum.

What core area of human experience does the Third Force in psychotherapy (Existential-Humanistic) focus on?

Emotions, sensations, meaning making, and the therapeutic relationship.

How does the Fourth Force in psychotherapy (Contextual/Systemic) conceptualize client issues?

By focusing on individual identity, social context, and culture that impact the client's lived experiences.

According to outcome research, what percentage of clients benefit from counseling?

75% to 80%

In counseling, what is 'role induction'?

The process of orienting clients to counseling so they understand and can make effective use of the therapeutic process.

According to Carl Rogers, what are the three essential core conditions of the therapeutic relationship?

1. Empathy

2. Unconditional positive regard

3. Congruence (genuineness)

In the ADDRESSING framework for multicultural competence, what does the first 'S' stand for?

Socioeconomic status

In the ADDRESSING framework, what identity factor is represented by the letter 'I'?

Indigenous heritage

What are the four key personal areas explored in a strengths-based perspective to build resiliency?

1. Social competence

2. Problem solving

3. Autonomy

4. Sense of purpose

What is the distinction between 'level of care' and 'continuum of care'?

Level of care is the specific setting and intensity required at a given time; continuum of care is the seamless movement across more or less intense treatment levels as client needs change.

In Freud's structural model, which component operates entirely on the pleasure principle?

The Id

What is the primary function of the Ego in psychoanalytic theory?

To act as the executive mediator between the basic instincts of the id, the moral demands of the superego, and reality.

Which structural component of personality internalizes societal values and houses the moral code?

The Superego

What is the timeframe and primary focus of Freud's Oral psychosexual stage?

Birth to 18 months; pleasure is centered on mouth activities like sucking, biting, and breastfeeding.

During which psychosexual stage do youth become aware of sex differences and potentially experience Oedipus or Electra conflicts?

Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years)

What happens to the libido during the Latency psychosexual stage (6 years to puberty)?

The libido becomes dormant or hidden while energy is directed into acquiring skills, hobbies, play, and knowledge.

How does sublimation function as a defense mechanism?

It channels unacceptable or socially inappropriate urges into constructive, healthy activities such as work or art.

What is the 'blank-screen' approach in classical psychoanalysis?

An anonymous posture taken by the therapist to stay neutral and allow the client to project unresolved conflicts onto them.

In psychoanalysis, what is the term for a client projecting feelings about a parent onto the therapist?

Transference

What is countertransference?

The therapist's emotional reaction and projected unresolved feelings toward the client.

What are the three specific communication patterns psychoanalysts listen for during free association?

1. Discrepancies (disagreements between speech/actions)

2. Omissions (things left unsaid)

3. Excesses (overdramatic or extreme reactions)

In dream analysis, what is the difference between manifest content and latent content?

Manifest content is the conscious, literal story of the dream; latent content is the underlying unconscious meaning and symbolic motives.

What is abreaction in psychoanalytic treatment?

Reliving a repressed, painful experience along with its associated emotions to gain emotional catharsis and resolution.

How does Individual Psychology view human nature?

As holistic, goal-striving, phenomenological, and growth-oriented, believing individuals strive toward their potential within social contexts.

According to Alfred Adler, what is 'social interest'?

Being as concerned about the welfare of others as one is about oneself.

What are the three primary life tasks identified in Adlerian theory?

1. Work

2. Love

3. Social interest (community)

How does Adler define 'community feeling'?

An innate sense of belonging, connectedness to all humanity, and a commitment to making the world a better place.

In Adlerian psychology, what distinguishes an 'inferiority feeling' from an 'inferiority complex'?

An inferiority feeling is a normal developmental driver pushing one toward growth; an inferiority complex is a pervasive, exaggerated belief that one is inherently inadequate.

What characterizes a 'superiority complex' in Adlerian theory?

Masking deep underlying feelings of inferiority by behaving arrogantly or trying to dominate others.

What typical personality traits are associated with the oldest child in Adlerian birth order theory?

High achievement orientation, intelligent, well-behaved, but prone to feelings of dethronement when a younger sibling arrives.

How do second-born children typically react to their older sibling according to Adler?

They often compete with the oldest sibling and choose goals and skills in areas where the oldest is less proficient.

What is 'private logic' in Adlerian therapy?

An individual's subjective, personal beliefs about self, others, and the world that justify their lifestyle and choices.

What are the four sequential phases of Adlerian counseling?

1. Establishing the relationship

2. Assessing psychological dynamics (lifestyle assessment)

3. Encouraging insight and self-understanding

4. Reorientation and putting insights into practice

What are the three most critical components evaluated during an Adlerian Lifestyle Assessment?

1. Family constellation and birth order

2. Dreams

3. Earliest recollections

What Adlerian technique involves confronting a client's destructive pattern so that it loses its subconscious appeal?

Spitting in the client's soup

In Adlerian parenting programs, what does the acronym CARE stand for?

Catch, Assess, Respond, Executed

In Jungian Analytical Psychology, what is 'individuation'?

The lifelong process, occurring primarily in the second half of life, of integrating conscious and unconscious aspects to become a whole, balanced self.

In Carl Jung's structural model of the psyche, how are conscious and unconscious minds organized?

The conscious mind holds the ego and persona, while the unconscious mind is split into the Personal Unconscious and Collective Unconscious: Diagram illustrating Jung's conception of the psyche divided into Conscious Mind (Ego, Persona) and Unconscious Mind (Collective and Personal Unconscious)

According to Carl Jung, what is the 'Collective Unconscious'?

A deep layer of the unconscious shared by all humans, consisting of innate universal memories, myths, symbols, and archetypes.

What is the distinction between the 'Anima' and the 'Animus' in Jungian theory?

The Anima represents the feminine psychological archetype within men; the Animus represents the masculine psychological archetype within women.

What are the two 'attitudes' and four 'functions' in Jung's psychological personality typology?

Attitudes: Extraversion and Introversion

Functions: Thinking, Feeling, Sensation, and Intuition

What are the four stages of Jungian analytical therapy?

1. Catharsis and emotional cleansing

2. Elucidation

3. Education

4. Transformation

According to Karen Horney, what causes children to develop 'basic anxiety'?

Hostile, unsupportive, or neglectful environments that create pervasive insecurity in childhood.

What are Karen Horney's three neurotic styles of relating to people?

1. Moving toward people (compliance/submission)

2. Moving against people (aggression/domination)

3. Moving away from people (withdrawal/detachment)

How did Karen Horney counter Freud's concept of 'penis envy' in female psychology?

She asserted that women do not envy male anatomy, but rather envy the cultural freedom, status, and social power that men possess.

How did Anna Freud adapt psychoanalytic technique for working with children?

She used toys, games, and stories rather than abstract adult interpretation, focusing on current developmental situations.

In Object Relations Theory, what is the difference between external objects and internal objects?

External objects are real people and things in the environment; internal objects are psychological structures internalized from early caregiver interactions.

What are the four primary attachment categories identified in attachment research?

1. Secure

2. Anxious/Avoidant

3. Anxious/Resistant (Ambivalent)

4. Disorganized/Disoriented

In Melanie Klein's object relations theory, what defines the 'paranoid-schizoid position'?

An early psychological state where the infant splits good feelings/objects from bad feelings/objects to protect the self.

What is 'projective identification' in object relations therapy?

A defense process where a client projects an internalized object or aspect of self onto the therapist, who then unconsciously experiences those feelings.

What are the three basic selfobject needs defined in Heinz Kohut's Self Psychology?

1. Mirroring (need for validation and affirmation)

2. Idealizing (need to internalize a soothing, powerful selfobject)

3. Twinship/Alter Ego (need for a feeling of likeness and mutuality)

How does Self Psychology view healthy narcissism versus pathological narcissism?

Narcissism exists on a continuum; healthy narcissism provides genuine self-worth, self-confidence, and resilience, whereas pathological narcissism stems from severe selfobject deficits.

What is the core purpose of a 'corrective emotional experience' in Brief Psychodynamic Therapy?

To re-expose the client to emotional conflicts under safer therapeutic conditions so they can unlearn past negative patterns.

In Brief Psychodynamic Therapy, what components form the 'Triangle of Insights'?

Interpretations connecting emotional dynamics across:

1. Past relationships

2. Current relationships

3. The therapeutic relationship

In Brief Psychodynamic Therapy, what does the 'Triangle of Conflict' examine?

The interaction between underlying feelings/urges, anxiety, and defense mechanisms used to ward off that anxiety.

What are the three primary elements of the Core Conflictual Relationship Theme (CCRT)?

1. Patient's wishes from the other person

2. Other person's actual or expected responses

3. Patient's reaction/response

What are the five phases of Brief Psychodynamic Therapy?

1. Client-therapist encounter

2. Early treatment

3. Height of treatment

4. Evidence of change

5. Termination

How do supportive techniques differ from expressive techniques in Brief Psychodynamic Therapy?

Supportive techniques (empathy, boundaries, validation) build safety first; expressive techniques (confrontation, interpretation) uncover conscious/unconscious material once safety is established.

What is the main goal of Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy (TLDP) developed by Strupp and Levenson?

To change maladaptive, repetitive patterns of interpersonal interactions through an active, time-sensitive relationship focus.