10/28 artic quiz

What is the purpose of a speech screening?

To quickly identify individuals who may have a speech sound disorder and need further evaluation.

What is the purpose of a comprehensive speech assessment?

To diagnose speech sound disorders, identify error patterns, determine severity, and guide treatment planning.

What is the difference between screening and assessment?

Screening identifies possible concerns, while assessment provides detailed information for diagnosis and treatment.

What is the difference between an articulation disorder and a phonological disorder?

Articulation disorders involve difficulty physically producing speech sounds, while phonological disorders involve patterns of errors in the sound system.

What are the two main categories of speech sound disorders?

Functional (articulation and phonological disorders) and organic (motor speech, structural, or sensory disorders).

What are the main types of speech sound errors?

Omissions, substitutions, additions, and distortions. Errors may be consistent or inconsistent.

Why is it important to identify patterns and consistency of speech errors?

To help differentiate articulation disorders, phonological disorders, and childhood apraxia of speech.

What is standardization?

Administering and scoring an assessment in a consistent, prescribed manner.

What is a normative sample?

The group of individuals used to establish the norms for a standardized assessment.

What is a raw score?

The number of points or errors recorded before converting the result into a standardized score.

What is a standard score?

A score that compares an individual's performance to the normative sample. Many tests have a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15.

What does a percentile rank represent?

The percentage of individuals in the normative sample who scored at or below the individual's score.

What does a percentile rank of 10 mean?

The individual scored as well as or better than approximately 10% of the normative sample. It does not mean they answered 10% correctly.

What is a confidence interval?

A range of scores within which an individual's true score is estimated to fall, accounting for measurement error.

Why are confidence intervals important?

They show that test scores are estimates and may vary across testing occasions or examiners.

What is an age-equivalent score?

The age at which the average child earns the same raw score. It should not be used alone for diagnosis.

What is reliability?

The consistency of test scores across administrations, examiners, or items.

What are the three types of reliability?

Test-retest (scores over time), inter-rater (scores between clinicians), and internal consistency (whether items measure the same construct).

What is validity?

Whether an assessment measures what it claims to measure.

What are the three types of validity?

Content (items represent the skill), construct (measures the intended concept), and criterion (relates to established measures).

What is sensitivity?

The ability of a test to correctly identify individuals who have a disorder (true positives).

What is specificity?

The ability of a test to correctly identify individuals who do not have a disorder (true negatives).

Why are cultural and linguistic considerations important in speech assessment?

To distinguish speech disorders from typical dialectal or linguistic differences and avoid misdiagnosis.

What is a dialect?

A rule-governed variation of a language.

What is an accent?

A difference in pronunciation associated with a speaker's linguistic, geographic, or cultural background.

What is code-switching or style-shifting?

Adjusting language, dialect, pronunciation, or communication style depending on the setting or communication partner.

What should an SLP consider when assessing a child from a different linguistic background?

Language exposure, dialect, cultural background, developmental history, caregiver input, and whether errors reflect differences or a disorder.

What should a comprehensive speech sound assessment include?

Case history, oral-motor exam, word and connected-speech samples, stimulability, phonological awareness, observations, and standardized testing when appropriate.

What is stimulability?

The ability to produce a speech sound correctly when given a model or cues.

Why is stimulability important?

It helps clinicians identify possible treatment targets and determine which sounds may respond to intervention.

What should an SLP consider when selecting treatment targets?

Error patterns, developmental expectations, stimulability, consistency, and impact on intelligibility.

What does the Arizona-4 assess, and what ages does it cover?

Articulation and phonological patterns in words and sentences, for ages 1;6–21;11.

What makes the Arizona-4 scoring system unique?

It uses weighted scoring, so errors on more frequently used sounds have a greater impact on the score.

What does the CAAP-2 assess, and what ages does it cover?

Articulation and phonology in children ages 2;6–11;11. Standard scores help describe disorder severity.

What does the GFTA-3 assess, and what ages does it cover?

Speech sound production, including consonants and clusters, in individuals ages 2;0–21;11.

What are the two main GFTA-3 subtests?

Sounds-in-Words (picture naming) and Sounds-in-Sentences (connected speech through repetition).

Why shouldn't an SLP rely on standardized scores alone to diagnose a speech sound disorder?

Scores do not fully capture functional communication, dialectal differences, intelligibility, or individual error patterns.

What is the difference between a phoneme and an allophone?

A phoneme is a sound that can change a word's meaning, while an allophone is a variation of a phoneme that does not change meaning.

What is intelligibility?

How well a listener can understand a speaker's speech.

Why is connected speech important in an articulation assessment?

It shows how accurately a person produces sounds during natural speech, which may differ from single-word production.

What is a phonological process?

A predictable pattern of sound errors that simplifies speech production, such as fronting, stopping, or final consonant deletion.

What is the difference between typical phonological processes and a phonological disorder?

Typical processes occur during speech development, while a disorder involves patterns that are unexpected for the child's age or development.

Why is it important to examine a child's speech sound inventory?

To identify which sounds the child can produce and which sounds are missing or produced incorrectly.

What is the difference between a standardized and nonstandardized assessment?

Standardized assessments follow prescribed procedures and may provide norm-referenced scores, while nonstandardized assessments provide flexible, individualized information.

Why is it important to consider a child's hearing history during a speech sound assessment?

Hearing difficulties can affect speech sound development and production, so hearing history helps identify possible contributing factors.

What are the full names of the Arizona-4, CAAP-2, and GFTA-3?

• Arizona-4: Arizona Articulation and Phonology Scale, Fourth Revision

• CAAP-2: Clinical Assessment of Articulation and Phonology, Second Edition

• GFTA-3: Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation, Third Edition

What are the age ranges for the Arizona-4, CAAP-2, and GFTA-3?

• Arizona-4: 1;6–21;11

• CAAP-2: 2;6–11;11

• GFTA-3: 2;0–21;11

What is the main purpose of the Arizona-4?

To assess word articulation, sentence articulation, and phonological error patterns.

What is the main purpose of the CAAP-2?

To assess English articulation and phonology in preschool and school-aged children.

What is the main purpose of the GFTA-3?

To assess consonants, consonant clusters, /r/, and vowels in single words and connected speech.

How long does each assessment take to administer?

• Arizona-4: Approximately 5–20 minutes per test.

• CAAP-2: Not specified in the uploaded handout.

• GFTA-3: Approximately 12 minutes for Sounds-in-Words and 4 minutes for Sounds-in-Sentences.

What is unique about the Arizona-4 scoring system?

It uses weighted sound scores, meaning more commonly used sounds contribute more to the articulation score.

What scoring information does the CAAP-2 provide?

Standard scores that can help classify the severity of articulation or phonological disorders as mild, moderate, or severe.

What scoring information does the GFTA-3 provide?

Raw scores, standard scores, percentile ranks, age equivalents, and error analysis.

What are the main limitations of the Arizona-4

Arizona-4: Requires English proficiency; normative representation must be considered.

What are the main limitations of the GFTA-3?

• Norms may not represent every cultural, linguistic, or dialectal background.