A&P exam 1

Which lymphocytes produce antibodies?

B lymphocytes.

Where do body cells display PAMPs when infected?

via MHC molecules;

Why are mucus membranes the most common area of infection?

They are always exposed to the environment, letting pathogens in.

What causes a fever?

When immune cells encounter an invader, pyrogens raise the body temperature.

Where do dendritic cells go after phagocytosing a pathogen?

Migrate from the peripheral tissue to the lymph nodes.

: What are AMP's?

Antimicrobial Peptide proteins that are positively charged that bind to microbes & cause them to lyse or otherwise prevent the microbe from damaging the body.

What are interferons?

Cytokines that signal neighbor cells to activate an "antiviral" defense.

What is a differential WBC count?

A blood test that measures the % & number of the five types of white blood cells in the blood.

How does this start an immune response with CD8 cells?

By acting as antigen-presenting cells that directly activate naive CD8 T cells.

How do they produce correct antibody?

It matches the epitope.

Why do almost all animals fever?

The higher the body heat, the less likelihood of infections.

What defenses do skin & mucus membranes have against germs?

Physical, chemical, & biological barriers (e.g., dead skin, high salinity, skin microbiota).

What makes AMP's different than antibodies?

AMPs are innate, immediate, broad & tiny. Antibodies are acquired, delayed, focused & large.

Why are Antigen-presenting cells the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity?

They can translate innate detection of danger into a specific adaptive immune counterattack.

What causes WBC's to increase in number?

Infections.

How are interferons like hormones?

They both function as messengers that travel between cells to trigger specific physiological changes.

Why are blood levels of cells and chemicals always listed as a range?

Why are blood levels of cells and chemicals always listed as a range?

What chemicals help with chemotaxis?

Chemoattractants and Chemorepellents.

In a flu virus, what is the difference between H1N1 and H3N4?

tType 3 hemagglutinin, Type 4 neuraminidase proteins.type 1 hemagglutinin, Type 1 neuraminidase proteins.

What WBC's lead to inflammation? How do they do this?

Neutrophils (via phagocytosis, degranulation & apoptosis).

What is the difference between an antigen and an epitope?

A foreign antigen is the whole molecule; an epitope is the exact location on that molecule where an immune cell binds to it.

Does a hapten cause reactivity, immunogenicity or both?

It causes reactivity because it can bind to the immune components.

How does natural selection affect immune efficiency?

It optimizes immune efficiency by forcing the immune system to adapt to rapidly mutating pathogens.

What causes immune "contraction"?

Mass apoptosis of lymphocytes once an infection is cleared.

What is the MAC?

Mass apoptosis of lymphocytes once an infection is cleared.

What are primary and secondary reasons for hyposecretion of a hormone?

Primary: Defect inside target gland.
Secondary: Defect in upstream tracking signals from the brain.

Why is short-term inflammation good (2 reasons)?

It delivers immune cells to eliminate pathogens.
It confines danger & instantly triggers the healing process.

What does a flu virus use its antigens (H & N) for?

gaining entry into host cells & escaping from those cells to spread infection.

How is a hapten like an infection? How is it different?

Like: Causes inflammation & triggers an immune response.
Different: Hapten is nonliving, has no PAMPs & cannot cause a disease by itself.

How can you make more than one type of antibody per antigen?

B-cell activation / Isotype switching.

Why is immune "contraction" a good thing?

It prevents collateral tissue damage & frees up space inside the lymph nodes.

What is more important, positive selection or negative selection?

Both, since immune cells need to be both useful & safe.