Edit · Stage 1 Study Guide

What make and model aircraft are you flying?

Diamond DA-20

Describe the engine that powers the aircraft you are flying.

Continental IO 240, 125 HP, 4 cylinder, 4 stroke

Horizontally opposed

Air cooled

Naturally aspirated

Direct drive

What is carburetor induction (if so equipped) Icing, when can it occur, how do you know it's occurring and what can you do to fix the resulting situation?

When ice form on the carburetor

Below 70 F with high humidity

Loss of RPM

Carb heat

What happens when carburetor heat is applied when ice is present?

Engine roughness (drop in RPM)

Are fuel injected engines subject to induction icing?

Yes, impact icing

What fuel do you use in the aircraft engine?

100 LL

What color is 100 Octane Low Lead? 89 Octane Automotive Fuel? Jet Fuel?

Blue

Red

Clear/Straw

What are you looking for when you sump your fuel?

Contaminants and water

Describe the heating system in the aircraft you fly?

Outside air is taken in and heated around the exhaust shroud then taken into the cabin

Are there any problems that could surface as a byproduct of the design of that heating system?

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Describe the fuel system in the plane you fly.

24.5 gallons- 24 usable .5 unusable

Fuel injected

2 pumps- engine and electrical driven

Takes 100 LL

How do you start a flooded engine?

Lean mixture, fuel prime off, fuel pump off, turn starter, throttle full forward, when grabs full mixture

Describe the cycle limitation for your aircraft.

10 seconds on, 30 seconds off, 3 times then wait 30 minutes to try again

Describe the electrical system in your aircraft.

12 volt battery, 40 amp alternator, with circuit breakers

How many times can you reset a tripped circuit breaker?

Once

What instruments work off the pitot static system?

Airspeed, altimeter, VSI

What instruments are powered by the vacuum system?

Attitude Indicator and Heading Indicator

What powers the turn coordinator in aircraft equipped with them

Electrical system

List the minimum equipment and instruments that must be working properly in your aircraft for day VFR flight.

(FAR 91.205)

Altimeter

Tachometer

Oil Temperature Gauge

Manifold Pressure Gauge

Airpseed Indicator

Temperature Gauge

Oil Pressure Gauge

Fuel Indicator

Landing Gear

Anti-Collision Lights

Magnetic Compass

Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)

Safety Belts/Shoulder Harness

What are the four forces of flight?

Lift, weight, thrust, and drag

When are all four forces in equilibrium?

Unaccelerated, straight and level flight

What are the four left turning tendencies?

Torque- prop spins one way so the plane has tendency to spin the other (3rd law)

Spiraling slipstream- prop spinning creates airstreams that hit the vertical stabilizer which causes the plane to turn to the left

P- factor- downward spinning blade has more lift than the upward spinning blade

Gyroscopic precession- force felt 90 degrees downward from the point of rotation

What are the 3 Axes of Flight and what are the movements around these axes called?

Longitudinal- roll (ailerons)

Lateral- pitch (elevator)

Vertical-yaw (rudder)

What is Adverse Yaw?

The tendency of an airplane to yaw opposite the direction it is rolling.

How do you as a pilot counter adverse yaw?

Rudder

Explain Bernoulli's principle of lift?

As velocity increases, pressure decreases

The air that moves over the top of the wing moves faster than the air at the bottom creating a lower pressure on the top and the air at the bottom wing is higher and high pressure seeks low pressure and it creates lift

What is an airfoil and can you name a few on the plane you fly?

an airfoil is the shape that causes lift

What is Angle of Incidence?

the angle between the longitudinal axis of the aircraft and the chord line of the wing

What is angle of Attack?

The angle between the chord line of the wing and the relative wind.

What is Critical Angle of Attack and what happens if you exceed it?

the maximum AOA which the wing can still produce lift at

if you exceed it you stall

What is Load Factor?

The load the wings are supporting divided by the total weigh of the airplane

Ratio of the lift generated by the wings /total weight of aircraft

usually expressed in G's

When are you most likely to enter into a stall accidentally?

in or around the traffic pattern

What is a spin?

maneuver in which the airplane descends in a corkscrew path while flying at an angle of attack greater than the critical AOA. Results from stalls in a slip or skid. One wing will drop below the other and the nose will yaw in the direction of the low wing.

How do you recover from a spin?

P- power idle

A- ailerons neutral

R- rudder opposite

E- elevator forward

What are the V-speed definitions and the corresponding speed for your training airplane.

VSO Stall, landing configuration 34 kts

VS1 Stall, clean configuration 42 kts

VX Best angle of climb 57 kts (t/o) 60 kts (cruise)

VY Best rate of climb 68 kts (t/o) 75 kts (cruise)

VFE Maximum flap extension 78 (ldg), 100 (cruise)

VA Maneuvering 106 kts

VNO Maximum structural cruise 118 kts

VNE Never exceed 164 kts

What is the best glide speed for your training airplane?

73 kts

What is the maximum allowable flap setting for takeoff in your aircraft?

25 degrees or two notches of flaps

describe a hold short line marking and signage and what it means.

Hold Short Line Marking is Holding Position.

Denotes entrance to runway from a taxiway.

describe a displaced threshold marking and what it means

A displaced threshold is a threshold located at a point on the runway other than the designated beginning of the runway.

describe a Taxiway or Runway location sign and what it means

Identifies taxiway on which the aircraft is located. Located along taxiway by itself, as part of an array of taxiway direction signs, or combined with a runway/taxiway hold sign.

describe a Runway distance remaining sign and what it means

Black sign with white numbers. Is the distance remaining info for take-off/landing. Located along the sides of runways at 1000' increments.

what is a PAPI and what signals does it provide?

Precision Approach Path Indicator. Four Lights set up side by side.

All Red - Too low

Three red and one white - Slightly low

Two red and two white - On Slope

One red and three white - Slightly high

All white - "Check your height" (or "You're out of sight", or "Higher than a kite") (too high)

What is a VASI and what signals does it provide?

Visual Approach Slope Indicator is two sets of two lights located one row after the other.

Red over Red - To low

Red over White - On the glide slope

White over White - To high

explain what lights you follow on a 3 bar VASI?

explain what lights you follow on a 3 bar VASI?

Please give me the first radio call you would make upon leaving the ramp at a towered field

4W's

Who you're talking to

Who you are

Where you are

And what you want

What sequence of events should be followed in the event of an emergency?

A.B.C.

Airspeed, establish best glide speed 73 KIAS

Be aware of your surroundings, (Find a location to land) Checklist, if time permits check your checklist for a restart

1-Covert excess speed to distance or altitude

2-Establish best glide path at 73 KAIS

3-Trim for speed

4-Determine wind direction and try to land into the wind if possible

5-Select the landing area:

A-Position directly toward landing area

B-Execute a Sprawling descent at 65-73 KIAS if possible

C-Attempt to complete the spiral at 1000 AGL abeam the intending point of landing.

What are your memory items in the event of an engine failure?

How high above the airport elevation should you climb straight out before making any turns if at all

possible?

ENGINE WITH PROPELLER WINDMILLING

(1) Airspeed (VIAS) = 73 kts

(2) Mixture = FULL RICH

(3) Fuel Shut-off Valve = OPEN

(4) Ignition Switch =BOTH

(5) Fuel Pump = ON

(6) Fuel Prime = ON

(7) Throttle = 3/4 in (2cm) forward

ENGINE WITH PROPELLER AT FULL STOP

(1) Airspeed = 73 kts

(2) Electrically Powered Equipment = OFF

(3) GEN/BAT Master Switch = ON

(4) Mixture =FULL RICH

(5) Fuel shut off valve = OPEN

(6) Fuel Pump = ON

(7) Fuel Prime = ON

(8) Throttle = 3/4 in (2 cm) forward

(9) Ignition Switch = START

(10)Ignition Switch with Push-to-Start (Optional)

START (TURN then PUSH) EMERGENCY LANDING

(1) Fuel shutoff valve = out

(2) Mixture = CutOff

(3) Ignition switch = Off —

(1) Radios = CALL

(2) Flaps = As required

(3) Master switch = Off after flaps

At What Speed should you climb during that initial 1000' climb?

A pitch attitude has to be set that will allow the aircraft to accelerate to a rate of 75 KAIS.

What are two of the BEST ways to get your pre-flight weather information?

1800 WX BRIEF

ForeFlight

What weather briefing source do we request you use prior to every flight at Take Flight?

1800 WX BRIEF

Why is Flight Service and Duats better ways to obtain weather briefings and web sites like aviationweather.gov typically not sufficient for a pre-flight weather briefing?

Provides legal proof that you obtained a pre-flight briefing.

What personal documents and endorsements are you required to have before you fly solo?

Student pilot certificate, Class 3 or higher medical Cert, FAR 61.87b pre solo exam endorsement, FAR 61.87c pre-solo flight training endorsement. 61.87N

What are your limitations as a student pilot regarding carrying of passengers or cargo and flying for compensation or hire?

A student may not act as a pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying property for compensation or hire. NO PASSENGERS

Explain student pilot limitations regarding visibility, ceilings and flight above clouds?

May not act as pilot in command of an aircraft with a flight surface visibility less than 3 miles during daylight hours or 5 miles at night, or when flight can not be made with reference to surface.

Who has the final authority and responsibility for the operation of the aircraft when you are flying solo?

The pilot in command (ME)

Can you fly into a Class B Airspace as a student Pilot flying solo?

A.) Student must be trained by an instructor in both ground and flight in class B airspace (B.) Logbook must be endorsed by instructor for airspace (C.) Endorsement specifies ground and flight training in B airspace.

Discuss what preflight action concerning the airport and aircraft performance is specified in the

regulations for a local flight.

1.) Weather report and forecasts, (2.) fuel requirements, (3.) Alternatives available if flight cannot be complete, (4.) Flight manual with take off and distance data, (5.) Reliable info including airport elevation, runway slope, aircraft gross weight and wind/temp.

What aircraft certificates and documents must be on board when you are flying solo (or flying at all)?

1) Air worthiness cert. (2) Registration (3) Operation handbook (4) Weight and balance info

If you get in the plane and see a pink registration card, what does that mean?

The Aircraft Registration Application ("Pink Copy") is valid until the applicant receives the aircraft registration certificate, application is denied by the FAA, or 12 months have elapsed

During engine run-up, you cause rocks, debris, and propeller blast to be directed toward another aircraft or person. Could this be considered careless or reckless operations of an aircraft?

This is reckless and carless, could be prevented by having prop blast go in another direction

You may not fly as pilot of a civil aircraft within ______ hours after consumption of any alcoholic beverage, or while having ______ % by weight or more alcohol in your blood.

8

0.04%

What are the general requirements pertaining to the use of safety belts and shoulder harnesses?

The pilot in command must make sure all passengers know how to use seat belts properly. Pilot must use safety belt at all times. Shoulder harness is required only during take off and landings.

No person may operate an aircraft so close to another aircraft as to create a(n) ________________________.

collision hazard

Who has the right-of-way when two aircraft are on final approach to land at the same time?

The aircraft at lower altitude

What action do you need to take if you are overtaking another aircraft and which aircraft has the right-of-way?

Alter course to the right to create separation then proceed to course. Aircraft being overtaken has the right of way.

What should you do if you are flying a head-on collision course with another aircraft?

Alter course to the right; the single engine on the right has the right of way

If another airplane is converging from the right, who has the right-of-way?

The aircraft on the right has the right of way

Except when necessary for takeoffs and landings, what are the minimum safe altitudes when flying over congested and other than congested areas?(91.119)

Congested- 1000 feet above highest obstacle within 2000ft

Other than- 500 feet above the surface

What altitudes should you use when operating under VFR in level cruising flight at more than 3,000 feet AGL?

Course of 180-359 even thousands +500

Course of 0-179 odd thousands +500

When practicing steep turns, stalls, and maneuvering during slow flight, the entry altitude must allow a recovery to be completed no lower than ________ feet AGL.

1500 FT

When is a go-around appropriate?

Bad approach, another aircraft on runway, wind shear, wake turbulence, mechanical failure, and unstabilized approach, or any other time successful landing is on doubt

What is the effect of a higher speed on landing?

Increases hydroplaning potential regardless of braking

How do you determine the speed at which your tires hydroplane and why is that important to you?

The speed that an aircraft tire will hydroplane is determined by the tire pressure. To calculate the speed, multiply the square root of the tire pressure in PSI times 9 to yield speed in Knots. Hydroplaning is the wheel breaking traction with the runway due to a contaminant and entering a skid, and could cause an accident.

What general steps should you follow after an engine failure in flight?

Pitch for best glide (65), pick best spot you intend to make an emergency landing on, follow checklist for engine restart (check fuel on, mixture full, carb heat on, full throttle, key is on both, master stitch)

What is a METAR?

An aviation routine weather report; a weather observer's interpretation of the weather conditions at a given sire and time.

What is a SPECI METAR?

special report at any time to update the METAR for rapidly changing weather, aircraft mishaps, or other critical info

What is a TAF?

Terminal Aerodrome Forecast

Valid 24 hour period and scheduled 4 times a day.

What is an Airmet?

An AIRMET is an advisory of significant weather phenomena that describes conditions at intensities lower than those require the issuance of a SIGMET

What is a Sigmet?

A SIGMET advises of non-convective weather that is potentially hazardous to all aircraft. Issued for the six areas corresponding to the FA areas

a. severe icing not associated with a thunderstorm

b. severe or extreme turbulence or clear air turbulence (CAT) not associated with thunderstorms

c. dust storms or sandstorms lowering the surface or inflight visibilities to below 3 miles

d. volcanic ash

What is a Convective Sigmet?

Convective SIGMET imply severe or greater turbulence, serve icing and low-level wind shear

a. surface winds greater than or equal to 50 knots

b. hail at the surface greater than or equal to 3/4 inches in diameter

c. embedded thunderstorms

What are the minimums for basic VFR?

Ceilings > 1000ft, Visibility > 3sm

What amount of cloud coverage constitutes a ceiling?

the lowest cloud base (bottom of the cloud) that is below 20,000 ft (6,000 m) that is covering MORE than half the sky

Why is the temperature and dew point spread important?

A close temperature-dew point spread indicates the air is nearly saturated with moisture, meaning visible moisture is possible

What is the common traffic advisory frequency for MGJ? (CTAF, ASOS)

CTAF: 122.725

ASOS: 119.275

whats the pattern altitude for MGJ?

1400' MSL

What is the direction of pattern for MGJ runways?

runway 4: L

runway 22: R

runway 8: L

runway 26: R

What is the procedure for engine failure in the pattern (upwind vs downwind vs base vs final)?

upwind below 1000' AGL: try to go straight and land

downwind, base, and final above 1000' AGL: try to land back on the runway

What should your airspeed be on final approach in the aircraft you are flying?

65 knots

At what airspeed does your aircraft stall, without flaps (Vs) and with flaps (Vs0)?

flaps cruise Vs: 44 knots

flaps TO Vs: 40 knots

flaps LDG Vs0: 36 knots

What is the elevation of MGJ?

370'

what are the take flight aviation solo limits (visibility, ceilings, and winds)?

for student solo in pattern: 5 SM visibility and 2000' ceilings

for student solo outside of pattern: 10 SM visibility and 2000' ceilings

winds less than 10 knots

what should you do if you are too high to land on the first half of the runway on final approach?

go around

when exiting the runway must you stop before the hold line?

no, after

What radio calls should be made in the pattern?

10 miles out (or when approaching the airport)

Entering the traffic pattern (typically entering the 45° to downwind).

Downwind.

Base.

Final.

Go-around (if applicable).

Clear of the runway

what personal documents must you have with you to solo?

- photo ID

- medical certificate

- logbook with endorsement to solo

- student pilots license

what are the basic VFR conditions?

3 SM visibility, 1000' above, 500' below, 2000' horizontal from clouds

what pre-flight action mist be taken prior to flight?

a pilot must become familiar with all available information concerning that flight (notams, weather, known atc delays, runways available, alternate airports, fuel requirements, TO and landing distance

what is the minimum fuel reserve for a day VFR flight

enough to get to your destination with 30 min extra fuel

what aircraft documents must be onboard the aircraft when in flight

airworthiness

registration certificate

radio station license

operating limitations

weight and balance