A & P Final Exam (Ch. 11, 12,13, 14, 15)

Chapters added so far:

Nervous system

The master controlling and communicating system of the body

electrical, chemical

Cells communicate via ____ and ____ signals

Sensory input, Integration, Motor output

The three overlapping functions of the nervous system

Sensory input

Information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes

Integration

Processing and interpretation of sensory input, analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions
⭐

Motor output

Activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) produces a response

Central nervous system (CNS), Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

The two main parts of the nervous system

Central nervous system (CNS)

Brain and spinal cord of dorsal body cavity
⭐

False;
The central nervous system is the integration and control center that interprets sensory input and dictates motor output

(T/F) The peripheral nervous system is the integration and control center that interprets sensory input and dictates motor output

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

The portion of the nervous system outside the CNS; consists mainly of nerves that extend from brain and spinal cord

Spinal; cranial

____ nerves go to and from the spinal cord
____ nerves go to and from the brain

Sensory (afferent) division, Motor (efferent) division

The two functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
⭐

Somatic sensory fibers, visceral sensory fibers

Which sensory fibers does the sensory (afferent) division consist of?

Somatic sensory fibers

Convey impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the CNS

Visceral sensory fibers

Convey impulses from the visceral organs to the CNS

Motor (efferent) division

Transmits impulses from CNS to effector organs

Somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system

Two divisions of the efferent division

Somatic nervous system

Somatic motor nerve fibers conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle

Autonomic nervous system

Motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (increase breathing rate or slow down the heart)

While studying for an exam, you reach for a beverage. To extend your arm, your ____ nervous system is activated.

somatic

The door slams shut loudly and you flinch. After a few seconds, you realize that your heart is beating very rapidly and forcefully. This response is the result of your ____ nervous system.

autonomic

Neuroglia (glial cells), neurons (nerve cells)

What are the two principal cell types of the nervous tissue?

Neuroglia (glial cells)

Small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons

Neurons (nerve cells)

Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

Astrocytes

Most abundant CNS neuroglia

Capillary

Label “1”

Neuron

Label “2”

Astrocyte

Label “3”

Astrocytes

Most abundant, versatile, and highly branched of glial cells

neurons, synaptic endings, capillaries

Astrocytes cling to ____, ____, and ____

Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes?

Form myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS

Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes?

Line the ventricles of the brain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

True

(T/F) Astrocytes participate in information processing in brain

CNS

Microglial cells are defensive cells in the ____

Oligodendrocytes

____ have processes that form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers

neuroglia

Another name for glial cells

Neurons

Another name for nerve cells

Satellite cells

Surround neuron cell bodies in PNS, function similar to astrocytes of CNS

Schwann cells

Surround all peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers, similar function to oligodendrocytes

Neurolemmocytes

Another name for schwann cells

peripheral

Schwann cells are vital to regeneration of damaged ____ nerve fibers

Neurons

Structural units of the nervous system

Nerve cells

Another name for neurons

impulses

Neurons are large, highly specialized cells that conduct ____

Extreme longevity, amitotic, high metabolic rate

What are special characteristics of neurons?

cell

All neurons have a ____ body and one or more processes

perikaryon, soma

The neuron cell body is also called the ____ or ____

Neuron cell body

Biosynthetic center of the neuron

proteins, membranes, chemicals

What does the cell body synthesize?

Nissl bodies

Chromatophilic substance is also called ____

False;
The neuron cell body contains abundant rough ER

(T/F) The neuron cell body contains abundant smooth ER
⭐

plasma membrane

In most cell bodies, ____ is part of the receptive region that receives input from other neurons

CNS

Most neuron cell bodies are located in the ____

Nuclei

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

Ganglia

Clusters of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
⭐

amitotic

Neurons are ____, meaning they don’t divide
⭐

Neuron processes

armlike processes that extend from cell body

CNS

____ (CNS/PNS) contains both neuron cell bodies and their processes

PNS

____ (CNS/PNS) contains chiefly neuron processes

Tracts

Bundles of neuron processes in the CNS

Nerves

Bundles of neuron processes in the PNS

Dendrites, axons

What are the two types of neuron processes?

Dendrite

Receptive (input) region of a neuron

Axon

Conducting region of a neuron

Dendrites

Label #1

Cell body

Label #2

Axon

Label #3

True

(T/F) The nucleus of the cell body is located inside the CNS

False;

A ganglia is a collection of many neuron cell bodies; they are located outside the CNS

(T/F) Ganglia are located inside cell bodies

False;

They are located in the white matter of the CNS

(T/F) Axon tracts are located inside cell bodies

True

(T/F) Axon nerves are located outside the CNS

nerve fibers

Long axons are called ____
⭐

axon terminals or terminal boutons

Distal endings of axons are called

axolemma, axon terminal

The axon generates nerve impulses and transmits them along the ____ to the ____

(Axon) terminal

Region that secretes neurotransmitters, which are released into extracellular space
⭐

True

T/F: The axon terminal can excite or inhibit neurons it contacts

myelin

The myelin sheath is composed of ____, a whitish, protein-lipid substance

myelin

The function of ____ is to protect and electrically insulate the axon, to increase the speed of nerve impulse transmission

Myelinated fibers

Nerve fibers where a segmented sheath surrounds most long or large-diameter axons

Nonmyelinated fibers

Nerve fibers that do not contain a sheath

Nonmyelinated

____ fibers conduct nerve impulses more slowly

Schwann

Myelination in the PNS is formed by ____ cells

Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

What are the types of structural classifications of neurons?

Multipolar

Neurons with three or more processes (1 axon, others dendrites) are ____

Bipolar

Neurons with two processes (one axon, one dendrite) are ____

Multipolar

Most common and major neuron type in the CNS

Retina, olfactory mucosa

Examples of where bipolar neurons are located

Sensory, motor, interneurons

What are the functional classifications of neurons?

Functional

____ classifications of neurons are based on the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the CNS

Sensory

____ neurons transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward CNS

Motor

____ neurons carry impulses from the CNS to effectors

Interneurons

____ lie between motor and sensory neurons

Interneurons

Also called association neurons, they connect the sensory and motor neurons
⭐

resting membrane potential

Unlike most other cells, neurons can rapidly change their …

True

(T/F) Neurons are highly excitable

voltmeter

A ____ can measure potential (charge) difference across the membrane of a resting cell

70

Resting membrane potential of a resting neuron is approximately __ mV

negatively

The cytoplasmic side of a membrane is ____ charged relative to the outside

False;

The membrane of a neuron is polarized

(T/F) The membrane of a neuron is non-polarized

Action potentials

Principal way that neurons send signals