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Arthrology

study of joints

Kinesiology

study of movement

Fibrous Joints

Connected by dense connective tissue; present where stability is more important

Fibrous Joint examples

sutures, syndesmoses(distal tibiofibular joint), gomphosis(teeth in socket)

Cartilaginous Joint

connected by cartilage; allow limited movement and help distribute force

Cartilaginous Joint Examples

Synchondroses(growing bone, first sternocostal), symphysis(pelvic girdle)

synovial joint

freely movable joint filled with synovial fluid

Synarthrosis

immovable joint

Amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint

Diarthrosis

freely movable joint

Joint Cavity

separates articulating bones

Articular Cartilage

covers ends of bones to reduce friction and distribute load(hyaline)

Articular Capsule

fully envelops a joint(fibrous membrane + synovial membrane)

synovial fluid

produced by synovial membrane to lubricate joint and nourish avascular articular cartilage

accessory ligaments

reinforce synovial joints

accessory structures

articular discs or menisci; improve joint congruence and distribute force

Planar Joints

allow gliding on flat surfaces; inner carpal joints

Hinge Joints

allow flexion and extension; elbow

Pivot Joints

allow rotation around longitudinal axis; proximal and distal radioulnar joint

Condyloid Joint

allow movement in two planes; flexion/extension and abduction/adduction at radiocarpal joint

saddle joint

biaxial with concave and convex surfaces; cmc joint of thumb

Ball and Socket

multi-axial; greatest degree of movement(shoulder and hip)

Bursae

fluid-filled sacs reducing friction at joints

Tendon sheaths

tube-like bursae that wrap around tendons at wrist and ankle where many tendons come together

Bursitis

inflammation of a bursa; from repetitive loading, prolonged pressure, trauma or infection

Tenosynovitis

inflammation of a tendon sheath

sprain

injury to ligament or joint capsule; twisting of joint stretches or tears ligaments

strain

injury to muscle or tendon

Dislocation

bones forced out of alignment

Cartilage Damage

tearing of cartilage

Main points of osteoarthritis

deterioration of articular cartilage, narrowing of joint space; risk increases with age, prior joint injury, obesity