Skill aquicistion 1

Define ability

An inherited trait that is stable

What is a skill

Learned behavior or action

Example of an ability

Speed- usually any component of fitness

Name the three parts of the continuity continuum?

Continuos serial discrete

What is a continuos skill

A skill with no clear beginning or end

What is a discrete skill

A skill with a clear beginning and end

What is a serial skill

A number of discrete skills put together

What are the parts of the organisation continuum

low and High

What is a low skill

A skill with lots of subroutines which is easy to see the different parts of

What is a high skill

A skill that is hard to breakdown into subroutines

Briefly explain the process of a distributed practice session

Practice sessions with rest intervals

Example of distributed practice

swimming 5 lengths then taking a 3 minute rest before going again

What is better for beginners, distributed or massed practice? Why?

Distributed because they can receive feedback in the intervals

Briefly explain what massed practice is

Practicing a skill with no rest or intervals

Example of massed practice

taking 50 penalties with no rest

Wha is it called when a performer practices a skill so much they overlearn it

Grooving

who is massed practice better for?

Experienced performers since they need less feedback

Briefly outline what a fixed practice is

Practicing a specific skill in a stable environment

Example of fixed practice

Passing a football between two players with no defender

Is fixed practice better for open or closed skills?

Closed, because the environment is always the same

Briefly outline what a variable practice method is

doing a skill in a changing environment that should be realistic to the sport

Example of a variable practice

Basketball player taking shots from different points on the court

is variable practice better for open or closed skills

Open because the environment is constantly changing

Whats better for developing decision making, fixed or variable practice?

Variable

Briefly explain what the whole part whole method is

the performer does the whole skill and then it is broken down into separate parts before being performed again

Example of whole part whole method

Doing entire tennis serve then breaking it down for example working on the throw

advantages of whole part whole method

effective for error correction

Quicker than other methods

Develop kinathesis

Disadvantages of whole part method

must be effective coach

Briefly explain what the Part method is

Parts of a skill are practiced in isolation

Example of a part method

Practicing the throw swing and follow through seperatley

Advantages of part method

Reduces information overload

Good for beginner

Disadvantages of part method

Loss of kinathesis

Takes longer than other methods

Briefly explain what the Whole method is

Skill is taught in the whole piece

Example of whole method

Doing a complete tennis serve

Advantages of whole method

shorther than other methods

Develop kinathesis

Disadvantages of whole method

Not effective fir dangerous skills

Bad for low organisation skill

Briefly explain what the Progressive part method is

Doing one part of the skill and then adding the next part the next session

Example of progressive part method

Doing the throw of a tennis serve one day then adding the swing then finishing with the follow through

Advantages for progressive part method

Reduces information overload so good for beginners

Good for serial and low organisation skills

Disadvantages for progressive part method

Can forget long sequence

Takes the longest time of all methods

Name some factors affecting the selection of appropriate practice methods

Nature of skill

Technical knowledge required

Information needed to process

Environmental factors

experience

personality

Motivation

Which two scientists came up with the phases of learning

Fitts and Posner

Name the three phases of learning

Cognitive associative autonomous

Briefly explain the autonomous phase

Skills automatic or grooved

Can focus on tactics

Can self correct errors

Skill actions sub conscious

Briefly explain associative phase

Starting to eliminate mistakes

Develop kinathesis

Develop motor programmes

Most learners don’t move past this stage

Briefly explain the cognitive phase

Many mistakes or errors

Require a mental image from demonstration

Require regular feedback

Need time for trial and error

Name some things that can aid beginners when learning a skill

Demonstrations

Simple verbal instructions

Trial and error

Specific equipment

Selective attention required

name some modified games to aid beginners of a sport

Tag rugby

Diamond cricket

Kwik cricket

Will improvements in performance happen quicker or slower as an autonomous learner?

Slower

what is a transfer

The influence that one skill has on the learning of another

What are the 10 fundamental movements?

Running

jumping

Walking

Throwing

Catching

Skipping

Balance

Kicking

Striking/ hitting

Stork stand

Name all 5 types of transfer

Positive

Negative

Bilateral

Proactive

retroactive

What is a bilateral transfer

A transfer from one limb to another

Bilateral transfer example

Throwing with right hand - throwing with left hand

What is a positive transfer

Occurs when learning one task is enhanced by learning another

Example of positive transfer

Throwing —-to bowling in cricket

Explain negative transfers

Occurs when lea

What is a proactive transfer?

The learning of a skill now will affect a skill in the future

Example of a proactive transfer

Tennis forehand aids the learning of a forehand topspin in the future

What is a retroactive transfer?

The learning of a skill in the present affects a skill learnt in the past

Example of retroactive transfer

Learning a golf drive now affects previously learned technique of a cover drive

What are 4 ways to prevent a negative transfer

Master/ groove one skill first before learning another`

Highlight the critical difference between the skills

Don’t teach similar skills in the same session

Teach the skills in a realistic environment h .h

Name all 4 types of guidance

Verbal

Visual

Manual

Mechanical

Examples of visual guidance

Demonstrations

Wall charts

Tactic boards

Using cones

Advantages of visual guidance

Develop selective attention

Creates mental image for beginners

Complex skills ca be broken down

Disadvantages of visual guidance

Not effective without verbal guidance

Dependant on ability to demonstrate skill

Complex skills can be hard to replicate and understand

advantages of verbal guidance

Effective for autonomous learners

Can be used in the form of feedback

Can be used to reinforce good things and correct errors

Good for motivation

disadvantages of verbal guidance

Can cause information overload

Dependant on coaches ability to express information

Some skills to complex to explain

Advantages of manual guidance

Helps to develop small sense of kinaesthesis

Prevents danger

Increased confidence

Can be used to isolate an action

advantages of mechanical guidance

Helps to develop small sense of kinaesthesis

Prevents danger

Increased confidence

Can be used to isolate an action

disadvantages of manual guidance

Can become over reliant on help

Not a true feel of kinaesthesis

Not good for large groups

Not great for fast or complex skill actions

Disadvantages of mechanical guidance

Can become over reliant on help

Not a true feel of kinaesthesis

Not good for large groups

Not great for fast or complex skill actions

List some things that count as input

Sensory display

Auditave

Verbal

Feel

List some things feedback is used for

Detective error

Make improvements

Reinforce learning (positive action)

Aid motivation

Where does intrinsic feedback come from?

Internal proprioceptors

What are proprioceptors

Sensory organs around muscle groups

How is intrinsic feedback developed?

Kinaesthesis and propriocepton

what is proprioception?

Sense of things close to you

Advantages of intrinsic feedback

Instantaneous

Autonomous learners benefit since they have full sense of kinaesthesis

Disadvantages of intrinsic feedback

Bad for beginners due to lack of sense of kinaesthesis

Information can be minseterpreted so body things the wrong thing is right

Advantages of extrinsic feedback

Increases motivation

Good for cognitive leaners to correct errors

Disadvantages of extrinsic feedback

Can be demotivating if action is continually incorrect

Coach must be able to spot errors

Can become over reliant on the extrinsic feedback

What is knowledge of results

Feedback regarding the outcome of an action

what is knowledge of performance

feedback in regard to technique of an action

Example of knowledge of results vs knowledge of performance

Bowing 50 balls and

KOP- how technique was

KOR- how many wickets taken

Advantages of KOP feedback

Good for autonomous learners to focus on technique

Disadvantages of KOP feedback

Performer may lose sight of outcome

Advantages of KOR feedback

Effective for developing motivation for cognitive learners

Disadvantages of KOR feedback

Performer may become very reliant and ignore technique

Best types of feedback for cognitive learners

Anything extrinsic since they have no intrinsic feedback

Best types of feedback for associative leaners

Anything extrinsic to refine errors

best types of feedback for autonomous leaners

anything intrinsic since they understand the skill action

How should feedback be

Short and concise

Given immediately

Related to the individual

Facilitate intrinsic feedback