Chapter 5, Module 15 APES

evolution

a change in the genetic composition of a population over time

microevolution

evolution below the species level

macroevolution

evolution that gives rise to new species, genera, families, classes, or phyla

gene

a physical location on the chromosomes within each cell of an organism

genotype

the complete set of genes in an individual

what are the 2 processes that can create genetic diversity in a population?

mutation and recombination

phenotype

a set of traits expressed by an individual

mutation

a random change in the genetic code produced by a mistake in the copying process

recombination

the genetic process by which one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome during reproductive cell division

evolution by artificial selection

the process in which humans determine which individuals breed, typically with a preconceived set of traits in mind

evolution by natural selection

the process in which the environment determines which individuals survive and reproduce

fitness

an individual's ability to survive and reproduce

adaptation

a trait that improves an individual's ditness

what are the 5 random processes?

mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, bottleneck effects, and founder effects

gene flow

the process by which individuals move from one population to another and thereby alter the genetic composition of both populations

genetic drift

a change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating

bottleneck effect

a reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction to its size

founder effect

a change in the genetic composition of a population as a result of descending from a small number of colonizing individuals