Forebrain diseases and differentials

The forebrain consists of what parts?

• telencephalon

• diencephalon

The forebrain is the site of ____ where _________ is made

• integration

• decision making

What normal functions of the brain are altered in forebrain lesions

• mentation

• sensory

• motor

• cognition

Actively doing stuff that makes no sense would be considered _________ in relation to mentation

inappropriate

What tests can give us an idea of the soundness of the forebrain

• menace response

• nasal sensation

• conscious proprioception

A dog with a forebrain disease would have abnormal contralateral responses in what tests?

• menace response

• nasal sensation

• conscious proprioception

A dog with a forebrain lesion will have ___________ conscious proprioceptive deficits

contralateral

A common sign of a forebrain lesion is ______ where the animal is not able to process things going on one side of their body and _____________ where an animal will seize up

• hemineglect

• seizures

Will animals with a forebrain lesion have normal spinal reflexes?

yes

An animal might present with their head and body turned in one direction this is defined as ___________

pleurothotonus

What are two qualities of mentation that should be observed when suspecting a forebrain lesion

• quantity

• quality

If a dog almost comatose what part of mentation does that refer to and is that representative of a forebrain lesion?

• quantity

• no

What is the hallmark of a forebrain disease

normal gait with contralateral postural reaction deficits

What type of forebrain disease present with a slow onset, progressive, bilateral, and symmetrical and often no painful

degenerative

What are common degenerative forebrain diseases

• lysosomal storge disease

• leukodystrophy

• cognitive dysfunction syndrome

What type of forebrain diseases would present in a young animal or one that is very obviously normal from the outside?

developmental

What are common metabolic forebrain diseases

• hepatic encephalopathy

• Hypoglycemic encephalopathy

• Electrolyte associated encephalopathy

A cat with a portosystemic shunt presents with symmetrical forebrain signs, particularly inappropriate behavior what would most likely be the cause of it?

Hepatic encephalopathy

A cat was given too much insulin and begin seizing you would assume that a ________ lesion has occurred due to _____________

• forebrain

• hypoglycemic encephalopathy

A dog presents with seizures presents to the clinic for diagnosis after a biochem panel was run you notice a decrease in electrolytes which ones would you expect them to be and what would they cause?

• calcium and sodium

• electrolyte associated encephalopathy

If you were suspecting a forebrain tumor it would most likely be a what?

meningioma

A 9-10 year old dog presents with a neurological signs with a progressive asymmetrical onset and seizures what do you think the cause of forebrain disease would be?

neoplastic

A brachycephalic bull dog presents with a forebrain tumor what type is it most likely?

glioma

What are some possible causes infectious meningoencephalitis

• bacterial

• fungal

• viral

• protozoal

What are some viral causes of meningoencephalitis

• canine distemper virus

• FIP
  rabies

A dog presents to a neuro consult over possible meningoencephalitis that only appeared during ongoing sickness what are two possible sources based on this description

• bacterial

• fungal

Immune mediated forebrain diseases re more common in ___________

dogs

what types of cerebrovascular events could cause forebrain disease

• ischemia

• hemorrhage

A dog presents with symmetrical neurological deficits with a progressive onset what are top differentials

• degenerative

• neoplasia

• inflammatory

A dog presents with asymmetrical neurological deficits with a progressive onset what are top differentials

• inflammatory

• neoplasia

A dog presents with symmetrical neurological deficits with a static onset what are top differentials

• developmental

A dog presents with asymmetrical neurological deficits with a static onset what are top differentials

• trauma

• vascular

A dog with either hyper or hypo natremia is at risk for what things in the brain?

• hypernatremia puts them at a risk for edema

• hyponatremia puts them at a risk for myelinolysis

A dog with either hyper or hypo calcemia is at risk for what things in the brain?

• hypercalcemia decreases neuronal excitability’

• hypocalcemia increases neuronal excitability