World History: French Revolution, European Imperialism, and World War I

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the French Revolution, European imperialism and regional resistance movements, and the key events, weapons, and treaties of World War I.

Bansang Estado (Nation-State)

A political entity defined by having its own government (sariling pamahalaan) and sovereignty (soberanya).

Nasyonalismo (Nationalism)

The deep love and devotion directed toward one's own country (pagmamahal sa sariling bansa).

The Three Estates

The social order in pre-revolutionary France consisting of the 1st Estate (Pari / clergy), the 2nd Estate (Maharlika / nobility), and the 3rd Estate (Karaniwang Mamamayan / commoners, including farmers, workers, merchants, and the bourgeoisie).

Causes of the French Revolution

The five principal causes of the 1789 revolution: an unfair social system, high taxes on the poor, poverty and hunger, the influence of the Enlightenment, and abuses by the king and nobility.

Storming of the Bastille (Paglusob ng Bastille)

A major event of the French Revolution that took place on July 14, 1789, marking the armed attack on the Bastille fortress.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

A historic civil rights document adopted during the French Revolution in August 1789.

Haring Louis XVI

The King of France who was overthrown and executed via guillotine on January 21, 1793.

Guillotine

The execution instrument used in the beheading of King Louis XVI on January 21, 1793.

Aims of European Imperialism (Layunin ng Imperyalismong Europeo)

The three central objectives driving European expansion: acquiring natural resources (likas na yaman), seeking commercial markets (pamilihan), and expanding power (kapangyarihan).

Polo y servicios

A colonial practice referring to compulsory or forced labor (sapilitang paggawa).

Kasunduan ng Nanjing (Treaty of Nanjing)

An 1842 agreement signed between China and foreign powers during the era of Western imperialist expansion.

Meiji Restoration

An era of modernization and reform in Japan that began in 1868, improving governance, economy, education, technology, and the military.

Positive Effects of European Imperialism

The constructive outcomes of imperial expansion, including the introduction of modern technology, development of transportation and communication, and the expansion of education.

Negative Effects of European Imperialism

The detrimental results of imperial rule, which included resource exploitation, loss of independence, loss of numerous lives, and cultural deterioration or erasure.

Sepoy Rebellion (Pag-aalsa ng mga Sepoy)

An 1857 anti-colonial uprising launched by Indian sepoy soldiers against British colonial authority in India.

Labanan sa Adwa (Battle of Adwa)

An 1896 confrontation where Ethiopian forces defeated Italian forces, allowing Ethiopia to retain its national independence amidst the colonization of Africa.

Kwame Nkrumah

The leader who guided Ghana—formerly known under British colonial rule as the Gold Coast—to full independence in 1957.

Simon Bolivar

The revolutionary leader who spearheaded major liberation campaigns to secure independence for Venezuela and other areas of South America.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo, Bosnia on June 28, 1914, acted as the spark (mitsá) of World War I.

Gavrilo Princip

A Bosnian Serb nationalist desiring regional change who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914.

Trench Warfare

A style of fighting used in World War I wherein troops excavated extended defensive ditches (trintsera) to shelter and defend their ground.

Modern Weapons of World War I

Advanced military technology deployed during WWI, specifically including machine guns, heavy artillery, poison gas, submarines, and tanks.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty signed on June 28, 1919, aimed at establishing peace following the conclusion of World War I in 1918.

Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles

The major terms imposed after WWI: accepting full war guilt, paying financial reparations, reducing military strength, and forfeiting territories and colonies.

League of Nations

An international governing body founded after World War I as part of the postwar political reorganization to maintain collective peace.