Amino Acids as Precursors

Precursor for Dopamine?

Tyrosine

Precursor for Epinephrine?

Tyrosine

Precursor for Norephinephrine?

Tyrosine

Precursor for Thyroxine?

Tyrosine

Precursor for Melanin?

Tyrosine

Precursor for Serotonin?

Tryptophan

Precursor for Melatonin?

Tryptophan

Precursor for Niacin?

Tryptophan

Precursor for Nitric Oxide (NO)?

Arginine

Precursor for Histamine?

Histidine

Precursor for y-aminobutyrate (GABA)

Glutamate

Precursor for Creatine?

Glycine

What are the cofactors that are importnat in Amino Acid synthesis?

• Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

• tetrahydrobiopterin

• S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)

• Vitamin C

Vitamin B6

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

What cofactor is needed to convert Dopa to Dopamine?

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

What cofactor is needed to convert 5-hydroxytryptophan to Serotonin?

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

What cofactor is needed to convert Glutamate to GABA?

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

What cofactor is needed to convert Histidine to Histamine?

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

What Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) is used in a decarboxylation reaction, what is released?

CO2

What cofactor is needed to convert Phenylalnine to Tyrosine?

Tetrahydrobiopterin

What cofactor is needed to convert tyrosine to DOPA?

Tetrahydrobiopterin = BH4

What enzyme converts BH2 to BH4?

dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR)

What cofactor is needed to convert tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan?

Tetrahydrobiopterin

What is the inactive form of Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)?

BH2

What cofactor is required to convert Norepinephrine to Epinephrine?

SAM

What cofactor is required to convert N-acetlserotonin to Malatonin?

SAM

What cofactor is required to convert Dopamine to Norephinephrine?

Vitamin C

What amino acid is used to synthesize thyroid harmones?

Tyrosine

Which harmone exclusively uses iodine?

Thyroid Harmone (T3/T4)

What is the thyroid structure?

• 2 tyrosines binded together with 3 or 4 iodines attached

Atwhat positions are the O2 being added in Phenylalanine → Tyrosine → Dopa?

Positions 3, 4, and 1

What is dihydropteridine a part of?

Folic acid

What cofactor works alongside tyrosine hydroxylase?

tetrahydropteridine (BH4)

What cofactor works alongside L-aromatic acid decarboxylase?

Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP) = B6

What cofactor works alongside Dopamine beta-hydroxylase?

Ascorbate = vitamin C

What cofactor works alongside Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase?

SAM

What inhibits Tyrosine hydroxylase?

alpha-methyl p-tyrosine

What inhibits L-aromatic acid decarboxylase?

• alpha-methyl Dopa

• Carbidopa

What inhibits Dopamine beta-hydroxylase?

Disulfiram

What inhibits phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase?

Dicholoro alpha-methyl benzene

What is Thyroxin?

T4 = 4 Iodines

What is Triiodothyronine?

T3 = 3 iodines

A defect in what enzyme would result in melanin issues?

tyrosinase

Steps to make melanin

Tyrosine → DOPA → Dopaquinoje → Melanin

What gland is the harmone norepinephrine released from?

Aderenal gland

Degradation of Epinephrine or Norepinephrine yields what?

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)

Degradation of dopamine yields what?

Homovanillic acid (HVA)

Whta is MAO?

Monoamine oxidase

What is COMT?

Catechol-O-methyltransferase

What are monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) used to treat?

depression

What can accumulate when a person is taking MAOIs?

Tyramine → cheese effect

What tryptophan derived biomolecule will increase if MAO is inhibited?

Serotonin

What is the precursor for 5-HIAA=5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid?

Tryptophan

What vitamin is Niacin?

Vitamin B3

What is the direct precursor for the harmole melatonin?

Seratonin

What are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) used for?

as antidepressants

What are antihistamine (like Benadryl) used for?

Relief of allergy symptoms

What is the main function of the neurotransmitter GABA?

main inhibitory neurotransmitter counterbalancing neuronal excitation in the cerebral cortex

What happens when the balance for the neuronal excitation is perturbed?

you get seizures

What TCA intermediate is involved in the GABA shunt?

Succinate

What can creatine phosphate be used for?

used as a substrate to rapidly synthesize ATP rapidly at the beginning of intense muscular contraction

What form of creatine is excreted in the urine?

CreatiNINE