End of unit 7 beginning of Unit 8 Module 2

bronchioles terminate in the

alveolar ducts

attached to the alveolar ducts are grape like clusters of sacs called

alveoli

About how many alveoli are In our body

300 million

alveoli are composed of several types of cells :

type 1 alveolar cells, type 2 alveolar cells, alveolar macrophages, and fibroblasts

type 1 alveolar cells

make up the lining of the wall of the alveoli, most common, simple squamous epithelium, where gas exchange occurs

type 2 alveolar cells

fewer, secretes fluid that lines each individual alveoli, contains surfactant which disperses water, decreases surface tension in alveoli, prevent alveoli from collapsing, aids in inflammation, RDS

Respiratory distress syndrome

common in premature infants, often due to a lack of surfactant, alveoli collapse after each exhalation, a great deal of effort required to reopen the airways

alveolar macrophages

helps to consume any debris in the structure.

fibroblasts

produce supporting fibers

Respiratory membrane

formed by the alveolar wall and endothelium of capillaries , allows for diffusion of gas

pulmonary ventilation

movement of air in and out of lungs

external respiration

exchange of gases at the respiratory membrane

internal respiration

exchange of gases between the systemic capillaries and tissues

Cellular respiration

cell using oxygen to generate ATP

in external respiration, the o2 leaves the () and goes to the pulmonary capillary while the co2 leaves the () and goes to the alveolus

alveolus; pulmonary capillary

in internal respiration o2 leaves the () and goes to the tissue while the co2 leaves the () and goes to the systemic capillary

systemic capillary; tissue

pulmonary ventilations are made possible due to () within the thoracic cavity as the muscles ()

pressure changes: contract and relax

two major muscles

diaphragm and the external intercostal

pneumothorax

collapsed lung

eupnea

normal air flow

tachypnea

fast respiration (20+)

Apnea

cessation. of breathing (means to start again)

Dyspnea

labored breathing

all formed elements are produced in the (). The most numerous are the ()

red bone marrow; red blood cells

the hormone () triggers the production of red blood cells. It is released by the () in response to ()

EPO; Kidneys; hypoxia

in order for a blood clot to form, () must be produced. Inappropriate clots that form are called (). Those that are made of fatty deposits are referred to as ()

fibrin; thrombi, atherosclerotic plaques

atherosclerosis will () blood pressure

increase

if atherosclerosis occurs in a coronary blood vessel, it will () blood flow

block

if cardiac muscle cells die due to lack of o2, it will create an area of () which is commonly referred to as ()

infarct; heart attack

the () is the pacemaker of the heart

SA node

the electrical current produced by the SA node then travels to the () and then down through the () and finally the () to excite the ventricles

AV node; AV bundle; purkinje fibers

what part of the ECG represents the atrial depolarization

p wave

in an ECG what part represents the ventricular depolarization

QRS

the left ventricle pumps blood into the (). This is called ()

aorta; systemic circulation

the right ventricle pumps blood into the () and this is called ()

pulmonary trunk; pulmonary circulation

Most arteries are () the exception is the ()

richly oxygenated; pulmonary arteries

most veins are () with the exception of ()

poorly oxygenated; pulmonary veins