VCL Exam 1

*This chronic and extremely elevated platelet count caused by bone marrow disorder is called:*

Thrombocythemia

*Which blood collection tube contains sodium fluoride?*

Grey-top

*Excess EDTA will cause:*

Cell to shrink

Most cell counts performed with automated analyzers to be invalid

*Which of the following is TRUE regarding relative anemia:*

- develops when the total RBC mass is normal but the amount of fluid has been expanded

- caused by more RBCs being lost than the bone marrow can produce

- Is a true decrease in RBC mass and is more common and clinically important

- Caused by failure of bone marrow to produce adequate numbers of RBCs

develops when the total RBC mass is normal but the amount of fluid has been expanded

*An estimation of the number of platelets per microliter can be obtained by taking the average number of platelets in __?__ immersion fields and multiplying by __?__*

10

15,000 or 20,000

*The presence of toxic changes in neutrophils is caused by:*

Infection

Drug toxicity

Inflammation

*The anticoagulant that is used as glucose preservative is:*

Sodium fluoride

*The most common cause of physiologic lymphocytosis in cat is:*

excitement

*Platelet evaluation is accomplished by performing:*

- platelet function testing

- platelet count

- calculation of platelet indices

- all the above

all the above

*Which of the following are NOT included in the list of platelet indices?*

- Plateletcrit

- Platelet-Small Cell Ratio (P-SCR)

- P-SCR (Platelet-Small Cell Ratio)

- PDW (Platelet Distribution Width)

Platelet-Small Cell Ratio (P-SCR)

*Which of the following statements is FALSE:*

- Fibringen is one of the inactive protein molecules that is found in plasma

- Serum is composed of 90% dissolved constituents in addition to fibrinogen

- Plasma is composed of 90% water and 10% dissolved constituents

- Examples of constituents that are found in plasma include lipids, salts, hormones, enzymes, proteins, carbs, vitamins, other ions and molecultes

Serum is composed of 90% dissolved constituents in addition to fibrinogen

*Which anticoagulant is needed in order to obtain reliable coagulation test results?*

Citrate

*When assessing TP concentrations, a dehydrated animal will usually exhibit __?__, whereas an overhydrated animal will show __?__*

Hyperproteinemia

Hypoproteinemia

*Improper handling of a blood sample (such as shaking it) after it has been collected will cause:*

Hemolysis

*Leukemoid response refers to a condition that may be mistaken for __?__. It is characterized by marked __?__, and is usually the result of __?__*

Leukemia

Leukocytosis

Inflammatory disease

*The primary function of fibrinogen is in:*

Hemostasis

*When serum is to be submitted for serological test, the blood sample is allowed to clot for __?__ at room temp, and it is centrifuged for __?__ at a speed no faster than 1500 rpm*

20 - 30 min

10 min

*The 2 conditions that could result in decreased PCV are:*

inadequate amount of blood collected or Anemia

*Which of the following statements is FALSE:*

- Monocular phagocytic system is made of the macrophages located in the connective tissue, liver, brain, lung, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes

- Constant region of an immunoglobin is responsible for binding to the antigen

- Constant region of an immunoglobin is responsible for the unique function of the antibody classes

- Variable regions of an immunoglobulin are responsible for binding to the antigen

Constant region of an immunoglobin is responsible for binding to the antigen

*If a patient has 50% neutrophils on the differential WBC count and a total WBC count of 9,000 WBC/µL, the absolute value of neutrophils is __?__ neutrophils/µL*

4,500

*In the bone marrow, the prescursor cell of a thrombocyte is:*

Megakaryocyte

*The WBC that responds to allergies and parasitic diseases is the:*

Eosinophil

*An estimation of the total RBC count can be obtained by dividing the __?__ by 6*

PCV

*Which abnormality is characterized by clusters of RBCs that do not break up when the sample is diluted with saline?*

Agglutination

*When a sample is described as having a left shift, it means that there is:*

an increase in the number of immature neutrophils in the blood

*The predominant WBC type in canines and felines is the __?__, wehreas the predominant WBC type in ruminants is the __?__*

Neutrophil

Lymphocyte

*The accuracy of the calculation of the erythrocyte indices depends on the accuracy of the following measurements except for which one:*

- TP

- Total RBC count

- Hgb concentraiton

- Hematocrit

TP

*The term that indicates the reproducibility of a test result is:*

Precision

*The blood collection tube that is the most suitable for collection of blood for hematology has a __?__ colored top?*

Lavender

*Which anticoagulant is preferred for routine hematologic studies because it preserves cell morphology?*

EDTA

*Which of the following is NOT a component of hematopoiesis?*

- Poikilocytosis

- Erythropoiesis

- Leukopoiesis

- Thrombopoiesis

Poikilocytosis

*In cats, the most common cause of physiologic lymphocytosis is:*

Excitement

*The classification of anemia according to __?__ helps distinguish between regenerative and non-regenerative anemia*

Bone marrow response

*__?__ is the measure of the % of the total blood volume that is comprised of platelets*

Plateletcrit

*Which of the following terms is used to describe the fragmentation of the nucleus after cell death?*

- Hemolysis

- Karyorrhexis

- Karyolysis

- Agglutination

Karyorrhexis

*The term __?__ is used to describe B cells that transform into plasma cells which produce protective proteins (called antibodies) in body fluids*

Humoral

*There are 2 classes of effector cells. __?__ release lymphokines while __?__ produce immunoglobulins*

T-cell lymphocytes

B-cell lymphocytes

*If you are unable to perform a CBC within one hour of blood collection, which of the following is the best method of preservation:*

- Freeze the sample

- Refrigerate the sample

- Add normal saline to the sample

- Add formalin to the sample

Refrigerate the sample

*How much blood would obtain from a well hydrated animal if you need 4 mL of plasma to run a test?*

8 mL

*The __?__ is the preferred site for venipuncture in large animals*

Jugular vein

*The fluid portion of the blood that contains no formed elements or fibrinogen is:*

Serum

*Microcytic anemia is almost always the result of:*

Iron deficiency

*If a cell's concentration is increased, the disease may be causing all the following EXCEPT:*

- A shift of that cell type from the circulating to a non-circulating or storage pool

- Increased production of that cell type

- A shift of that type of cell from a storage or non-circulating pool to circulating pool

- Increased circulating life span of that type of cell

A shift of that cell type from the circulating to a non-circulating or storage pool

*The average of the individual volume of platelets is recorded as the:*

Mean platelet volume (MPV)

*What does the red/gray stopper blood collection tube contain?*

Gel separator

*Which of these cells are found in blood at the highest number:*

- Erythrocytes

- Platelets

- Leukocytes

- Macrophages

Erythrocytes

*The ability of a testing method to be precise and accurate is referred to as:*

Reliability

*The most common cause of increased plasma protein levels is:*

Dehydration

*The main cause of lysosomal storage disease is intracellular __?__. It is caused by a substance that abnormally stored within a __?__*

Enzyme deficiency

Cell

*Cell counts are generally performed with manual methods in:*

Exotic animals and Avian species

*Which of the following compounds is the anticoagulant of choice for performing avian and reptile WBC count?*

Heparin

*Components of the erythrogram include all the following except:*

- Band cells number

- Hematocrit

- Erythrocyte structure

- Hemoglobin

Band cells number

*Which of the following terms is used to describe the ability of a test to determine true positives:*

- Specificity

- Susceptibility

- Sensitivity

- Selectivity

Sensitivity

*When performing a CBC, which of the following parameters is NOT considered a direct measurement:*

- RBC count

- Erythrocyte indices

- Hemoglobin

- Plasma protein

Erythrocyte indices

*__?__ is the term used to indicate the closeness with which test results agree with the true quantitative value of the constituent*

Accuracy

*Which of the following colored-top blood collection tubes indicates that heparin is the anticoagulant that is present in the tube:*

- Green top

- Gray top

- Purple top

- Blue top

Green top

TRUE or FALSE

*In general, cats have 2 morpholic forms of reticulocytes - aggregate and punctate forms*

True

TRUE or FALSE

*Approximately 10% of all bleeding disorders in cats and dogs result from abnormalities in platelet number and/or platelet function*

False

TRUE or FALSE

*The presence of megathrombocytes in the blood may indicate that production and release are accelerated or there is an early release from the bone marrow*

True

TRUE or FALSE

*When blood is pushed forcefully through a small gauge needle, the resulting plasma will be either icteric or lipemic*

False

TRUE or FALSE

*In prenatal animals, hematopoiesis occurs in spleen, liver, bone marrow, and thymus*

True

TRUE or FALSE

*Thrombocytopenia may result in spontaneous bleeding when platelet concentration is

True

TRUE or FALSE

*Increased number of reactive lymphocytes indicated antigenic stimulation*

True

TRUE or FALSE

*Some automated electronic counters often give inaccurate platelet counts in cats because cats' larger platelets may be counted as erythrocytes*

False

TRUE or FALSE

*In mammals, platelets are nucleated, and have cytoplasmic vacuoles and granules; whereas in non-mammalian species platelets are of variable shape and anucleated*

False

*Regenerative Anemia*

presence of large number of juvenile RBCs in peripheral blood sample

*Hemolytic Anemia*

plasma appears dark yellow to orange

*IgG*

Immunoglobulin that is usually present in greatest quantity in blood

*Hemorrhagic Anemia*

clear appearance of plasma

*Thrombocythemia*

chronic and extremely elevated platelet count

*IgE*

antibody that functions to boost local inflammatory reactions

*Non-Regenerative Anemia*

caused by bone marrow failure

*IgM*

first antibody type to be produced in response to antigen

SA

*What are 2 things you would do before you report low platelet counts to the Vet?*

Examine feathered edge for platelet clumps

Observe EDTA for small clots/clumps

SA

*Describe what happens when you measure a patient's TP level using a lipemic sample*

a lipemic (cloudy due to fat cells) sample can interfere (particles diffract light) with the chemical analysis leading to a *false increase of TP reading*

SA

*For an anemic patient, why is it important to interpret the reticulocyte count according to the degree of anemia?*

because *fewer mature erythrocytes* are *present in anemic animals*, and reticulocytes are *released earlier* and *persist longer* than they do in normal animals

SA

*Except for horses, explain how the bone marrow of most domestic animal species responds to anemia*

by increased erythrocyte production and releasing immature erythrocytes

SA

*Explain the mechanism by which oxalates and citrates prevent blood clotting*

by forming insoluble complexes with calcium (which is necessary for clot formation)

SA

*Define the term "polycythemia". What is polycythemia accompanied by?*

An increase in the # of circulating RBCs

Accompanied by increased PCV and Hgb concentration

SA

*What is the advantage of using the vacutainer system for blood collection?*

(extra credit)

multiple samples can be collected directly into the collection tubes w/o multiple venipuncture procedures

SA

*Explain why we should not freeze whole blood*

(extra credit)

Blood cells lyse during freezing and thawing

SA

*Give the 3 most common measurements of RBCs*

(extra credit)

Total RBC count

PCV

Hgb concentration

SA

*Explain the term "dyserythropoiesis"*

(extra credit)

Disorder that consists of abnormal erythrocyte maturation