ANP Ch 1

[Foundations] What is anatomy?

The study of the form and structure of body parts and their relationship to one another.

[Foundations] What is physiology?

The study of the function of body parts—how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities.

[Anatomy] What is gross (macroscopic) anatomy?

The study of large, visible structures.

[Anatomy] What is regional anatomy?

The study of all structures in a particular area of the body.

[Anatomy] What is system anatomy?

The study of one organ system, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, or muscular system.

[Anatomy] What is microscopic anatomy?

The study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.

[Anatomy] What is cytology?

The microscopic study of cells.

[Anatomy] What is histology?

The microscopic study of tissues.

[Physiology] How is physiology commonly organized?

By organ systems, such as muscular system physiology.

[Physiology] At what levels does physiology often focus?

The cellular and molecular levels of the body.

[Physiology] What does physiology examine about body abilities?

How the body's abilities depend on chemical reactions in individual cells.

[Structure & Function] What is the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

Anatomy and physiology are inseparable; function reflects structure.

[Structure & Function] What is the key idea behind complementarity?

The form or structure of a body part helps determine what it can do.

[Review] What is the study of the body's structure?

Anatomy.

[Review] When anatomy is closely tied to a body part's specific function, what principle is this?

The principle of complementarity of structure and function.

[Structural Organization] What is the order of structural organization from simplest to most complex?

Chemical → cellular → tissue → organ → organ system → organismal.

[Structural Organization] What happens at the chemical level?

Atoms combine to form molecules.

[Structural Organization] What happens at the cellular level?

Cells are made up of molecules.

[Structural Organization] What happens at the tissue level?

Tissues consist of similar types of cells.

[Structural Organization] What happens at the organ level?

Organs are made up of different types of tissues.

[Structural Organization] What happens at the organ system level?

Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely.

[Structural Organization] What happens at the organismal level?

The human organism is made up of many organ systems.

[Structural Organization] Which sequence is correct: atoms, molecules, cells, tissues?

Atoms → molecules → cells → tissues.

[Organ Systems] How many organ systems are presented in this chapter?

11 organ systems.

[Integumentary System] What are the major functions of the integumentary system?

Forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous receptors and sweat glands.

[Integumentary System] What structures are listed as part of the integumentary system?

Skin, hair, and nails.

[Muscular System] What are the major functions of the muscular system?

Manipulates the environment, produces movement of body parts and substances, allows facial expression, maintains posture, and produces heat.

[Muscular System] What major structure is listed for the muscular system?

Skeletal muscles.

[Skeletal System] What are the major functions of the skeletal system?

Protects and supports organs, provides a framework for movement, is a site of blood cell formation, and stores minerals.

[Skeletal System] What structures are listed for the skeletal system?

Bones and joints.

[Nervous System] What is the nervous system's general role?

It is the fast-acting control system of the body.

[Nervous System] How does the nervous system respond to internal and external changes?

By activating appropriate muscles and glands.

[Nervous System] What structures are listed for the nervous system?

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

[Digestive System] What are the major functions of the digestive system?

Breaks food into absorbable units that enter the blood and eliminates indigestible substances as feces.

[Digestive System] What structures are listed for the digestive system?

Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and pancreas.

[Urinary System] What are the major functions of the urinary system?

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.

[Urinary System] What structures are listed for the urinary system?

Kidneys, ureters, and urethra.

[Endocrine System] What is the endocrine system's general role?

Slow-acting control of the body.

[Endocrine System] What do endocrine hormones regulate?

Processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells.

[Endocrine System] What structures are listed for the endocrine system?

Thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, and gonads.

[Reproductive System] What are the major functions of the reproductive system?

Production of offspring and production of milk to nourish a newborn.

[Reproductive System] What structures are listed for the reproductive system?

Gonads, sex organs, and mammary glands.

[Cardiovascular System] What is the major function of the cardiovascular system?

Pumps and transports blood carrying oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, and other substances.

[Cardiovascular System] What structures are listed for the cardiovascular system?

Heart and blood vessels, including arteries and veins.

[Respiratory System] What are the major functions of the respiratory system?

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

[Respiratory System] What structures are listed for the respiratory system?

Larynx, trachea, and lungs.

[Lymphatic System] What are the major functions of the lymphatic system?

Returns leaked fluid to the blood, houses white blood cells involved in immunity, and attacks foreign substances.

[Lymphatic System] What structures are listed for the lymphatic system?

Tonsils, lymph nodes, and spleen.

[Organ Systems] Do organ systems act independently?

No. Organ systems work together to complete important life functions.

[Review] Which organ system provides the force to move bones about their joints?

The muscular system.

[Review] Which organ system responds to environmental changes by transmitting electrical impulses?

The nervous system.

[Life Functions] What two broad goals are organ systems designed to accomplish?

Carry out necessary life functions and meet the survival needs of individual cells.

[Life Functions] What necessary life functions are listed?

Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, excretion, metabolism, growth, and reproduction.

[Life Functions] What does maintaining boundaries mean?

Separation between internal and external environments.

[Life Functions] What is responsiveness?

The ability to sense and respond to stimuli.

[Life Functions] What is excretion?

Removal of waste.

[Life Functions] What is metabolism?

All chemical reactions that occur in body cells.

[Survival Needs] What five survival factors are listed?

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.

[Homeostasis] What is homeostasis?

Maintenance of stable internal conditions despite changes in the environment.

[Homeostasis] Is homeostasis static?

No. The body is always readjusting as needed.

[Homeostasis] What systems are especially important for monitoring and regulating homeostasis?

The nervous and endocrine systems, along with other systems.

[Homeostasis] What is a variable?

A factor that can change.

[Homeostasis] What variables are listed in the slides?

CO2 and O2 concentrations, blood glucose, blood pH, blood volume, blood pressure, and body temperature.

[Homeostasis] Why must variables be regulated?

They must be kept within a narrow range.

[Homeostatic Imbalance] What can loss of homeostasis result in?

Disease and death.

[Review] Which definition best describes homeostasis?

The ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.

[Homeostatic Control] What are the three components of a homeostatic control system?

Receptor, control center, and effector.

[Receptor] What does the receptor do?

Monitors the internal and external environment and responds to stimuli, or changes in variables.

[Receptor] What example of a receptor is given?

Receptors in blood vessels that monitor changes in blood pressure.

[Control Center] What does the control center do?

Determines the set point, receives input from the receptor, and determines the appropriate response.

[Control Center] Through what pathway does the control center receive input from the receptor?

The afferent pathway.

[Control Center] What blood-pressure example is given for the control center?

The brain determines the set point for blood pressure.

[Effector] What does the effector do?

Receives output from the control center and produces a response that reduces or enhances the stimulus.

[Effector] Through what pathway does the effector receive output from the control center?

The efferent pathway.

[Effector] What blood-pressure effector example is given?

Blood vessels dilate or constrict to return blood pressure toward normal.

[Homeostatic Control] What is the basic information flow of a homeostatic control mechanism?

Stimulus/change → receptor → afferent pathway → control center → efferent pathway → effector → response.

[Feedback Loops] What is a feedback loop?

A process in which outputs of a system are routed back to affect inputs.

[Negative Feedback] What is negative feedback?

A response that reduces or shuts off the original stimulus.

[Negative Feedback] In what direction does the variable move relative to the initial change?

In the opposite direction of the initial change.

[Negative Feedback] Is negative or positive feedback more commonly used in the body?

Negative feedback is the most-used feedback mechanism.

[Negative Feedback] What two examples are shown?

Thermoregulation and blood glucose regulation.

[Thermoregulation] What happens when body temperature rises?

Temperature-sensitive receptors detect the rise, the control center responds, sweat glands are activated, evaporation lowers body temperature, and the stimulus ends.

[Thermoregulation] What happens when body temperature falls?

Temperature-sensitive receptors detect the drop, the control center responds, skeletal muscles produce shivering, body temperature rises, and the stimulus ends.

[Blood Glucose] What happens when blood glucose rises?

Insulin is released; body cells take up more glucose and the liver stores glucose as glycogen, lowering blood glucose toward normal.

[Blood Glucose] What happens when blood glucose falls?

Glucagon is released; the liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into the blood, raising blood glucose toward normal.

[Positive Feedback] What is positive feedback?

A response that enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus.

[Positive Feedback] In what direction does a variable continue during positive feedback?

In the same direction as the initial change.

[Positive Feedback] What kind of events does positive feedback usually control?

Infrequent events.

[Positive Feedback] What two examples are shown?

Uterine contractions during childbirth and platelet formation.

[Uterine Contractions] What begins the positive-feedback loop during childbirth?

The baby's head pushes against the cervix.

[Uterine Contractions] How does the childbirth positive-feedback loop proceed?

Cervical stretch sends nerve impulses to the brain → pituitary releases oxytocin → oxytocin strengthens uterine contractions → the baby pushes more strongly against the cervix.

[Uterine Contractions] What ends the childbirth positive-feedback loop?

Birth.

[Platelet Formation] What initiates the platelet positive-feedback loop?

A break or tear in a blood-vessel wall.

[Platelet Formation] How does platelet positive feedback work?

Platelets adhere to the damaged site and release chemicals that attract more platelets.

[Platelet Formation] What ends the platelet positive-feedback loop?

Formation of a platelet plug.

[Feedback Review] Negative vs positive feedback?

Negative feedback opposes the original change; positive feedback amplifies the original change.

[Anatomical Position] What is the standard anatomical position?

Body erect, facing forward, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body.

[Anatomical Position] In anatomy, whose right and left are used?

The right and left of the body being viewed, not the observer's right and left.

[Directional Terms] What do directional terms describe?

The relative position of one body structure to another.

[Directional Terms] What paired directional terms are listed?

Superior/inferior, cranial/caudal, anterior/posterior, ventral/dorsal, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, central/peripheral, and superficial/deep.