HIST 221 Unit 2

mid 1600s

When was the Enlightenment?

Humanism

Thinking about how to best care for humanity via government and society

“Leviathan” (1651)

Hobbes’s work

“Two Treatises on Government” (1690)

Locke’s work

Hobbes’s ideal government

monarchy; humanity’s self-interest will interfere with democracy and the few will exploit the many, a monarch is only as strong as his subjects, so their happiness is in his interest

social contract

government removes rights in exchange for protection (Locke)

“Theory of Moral Sentiments” (1759)

Adam Smith’s work

Adam Smith

virtual is vital; humanity must put others’ interests first

“Elements of Criticism” (1762)

Kames’s work

Lord Kames/Henry Home

humans have the capacity for selfishness and to care for the most needy

Enlightenment and religion

most rejected dogma, not faith altogether (except Hobbes)

Pennsylvania Gazette

Benjamin Franklin’s newspaper

Poor Richard’s Almanacs

What make Benjamin Franklin rich?

Junto

Franklin’s organization made up of people from several classes to contribute to government discourse

1743

When was the American Philosophical Society founded

Great Awakening

wave of religious fervor that swept from New Hampshire to Georgia

unified colonists with ideals and a common movement

How did the Great Awakening impact the colonies?

George Whitfield, Jonathan Edwards

Great Awakening preachers

1730s-40s

When was the Great Awakening

Stamp Act of 1765

tax on virtually all paper goods without representation in Parliament; mostly affected elites

Declatory Act

Parliament declares right to tax colonies following repeal of Stamp Act

Townsend Acts

tax on all British imports; lowered tax but increased enforcement

smuggling crackdown

British government moved criminal trials into royal courts

1767-1768

When were the Townsend Acts?

Thomas Hutchinson

appointed governor to reduce tensions with colonists

Boston Massacre

violent confrontation between a mob of colonists and guards; leads to pull-out of troops

March 5, 1770

When was the Boston Massacre

Lord Webberburn

former friend of Benjamin Franklin; accuses him of organizing unrest, radicalizing him

Thomas Gage

hardliner that replaced Thomas Hutchinson; brings Boston under direct Parliament control

Olive Branch Petition

requests for peace organized by Continental Congress; misinterpreted by the king as aggression

1775

When was the Olive Branch Petition

Lexington, Concord

Where were the first shots fired?

Concord

Which town was prepared?

Bunker’s Hill

successfully defended thrice, eventually taken but ocnsidered a victory

June 17, 1775

When was Bunker’s Hill?

war support

1/3 supported independence, 1/3 were loyalists, 1/3 were neutral

Common Sense (1776)

Thomas Paine’s work

Southern Strategy

Lord Conrwallis attempts to bolster British support in the south, cornered by French navy and Washington at Yorktown

1781

When did Lord Cornwallis surrender?

Treaty of Paris of 1783

ends revolutionary war and wins recognition of independence from other countries

loyalists post-war

most stay in America, emigrants to Caribbean, Canada, and Britain are rejected for being poor and too American

Indian Country post-war

Native Americans lose their “middle ground,” their ability to play europeans against each other

George Rogers Clark

marched into Ohio country, turned back by Natives, new policy of no unauthorized trade and settlement west

Articles of Confederation

emergency government created during the Revolutionary War

problems with the Articles

1. no power to tax

2. almost impossible to pass laws

3. no central policy on debt or printing money

4. no way to organize/pay an army/navy

positives of Articles

1. got colonies through the Revolution

2. set path for admitting/organizing new states

3. Northwest Ordinance

Shay’s Rebellion

Daniel Shay led famers to burn courthouses and thus tax records in Springfield, MA

1786

When was Shay’s rebellion?

Northwest Ordinance (1787)

banned importation of enslaved people, set precedent that federal government regulates where slavery is allowed

summer of 1787

When was the Continental Congress to fix the Articles?

55

How many delegates at the CC?

Virginia Plan

two congress chambers, one elected by other, executive chosen by legislature and can invalidate state law (favors powerful states)

New Jersey Plan

one vote per state, protest plan to force a compromise

Representation Compromise

Senate favors smaller states, House favors large

3/5 Compromise

large vs small states; enslaved people would count for 3/5 of a person

Bill of Rights

federalist vs antifederalist compromise to protect rights

electoral college

large vs small states; still based on population but there’s a minimum and maximum of representatives

Factious 1790s disagreements

1. debt

2. national bank

3. Whiskey Rebellion

4. France