General Science - Quarter 1, Lesson 1: Physics in Daily Life

Vocabulary flashcards covering the basic principles of physics applied in safety, household tasks, health, and work efficiency.

Momentum

The product of an object's mass and velocity ($p = mv$); a measure of how hard it is to stop a moving object.

Impulse

The change in momentum of an object, equal to the force applied multiplied by the time over which it acts ($J = F \text{Δ}t$).

Newton's Laws of Motion

Three principles describing the relationship between a body's motion and the forces acting on it, including inertia, ($F = ma$), and action-reaction.

Inertia

The tendency of an object to resist a change in its state of motion (staying at rest or in motion unless acted on by a force); this is Newton's First Law.

Pressure

Force applied per unit area ($P = \frac{F}{A}$); central to how brakes, cookers, and extinguishers operate.

Force

A push or pull that can change an object's motion, measured in newtons ($N$).

Pressure Cookers

Appliances that increase internal pressure to raise the boiling point of water, allowing food to cook faster at higher temperatures.

Microwave Ovens

Appliances that use electromagnetic waves to excite water molecules in food, generating heat through molecular friction.

Refrigerators

Appliances applying thermodynamic principles where a compressor expands refrigerant gases to absorb heat to keep food cold.

Crumple Zones

Sections of a vehicle designed to absorb impact energy during a crash, protecting the passenger compartment.

Seat Belts

Safety features that use inertia locks to prevent the body from continuing forward when a car stops suddenly.

Protective Gear (Helmets)

Equipment designed to distribute force over a larger surface area, reducing the pressure on the skull during an impact.

Mechanical Advantage

The factor by which a machine multiplies an input force, letting a smaller input force produce a larger output force.

Ohm's Law

The principle that relates voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit ($V = IR$).

Heat Transfer

The movement of thermal energy from a warmer object or region to a cooler one through conduction, convection, or radiation.

Sound Waves

Vibrations that travel through air (or another medium) as pressure variations.

Kinetic Energy

Energy of motion that depends on mass and velocity.

Potential Energy

Stored energy due to an object's position, such as height in a roller coaster.

Friction

A resistive force between two surfaces in contact that opposes relative motion.

Aerodynamic Drag (Air Resistance)

A resistive force exerted by air on a moving object.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

A diagnostic technology that uses powerful magnets to align hydrogen atoms in the body to generate detailed images.

X-Rays

High-energy electromagnetic radiation that passes through soft tissue but is blocked by dense matter like bone.

Lasers

Focused, coherent light energy used to create precise surgical incisions with minimal tissue damage.

Electromagnetic Radiation

Energy that travels as waves through electric and magnetic fields, including microwaves, X-rays, and light.