Marine Biology Exam 1

Evolution by Natural Selection

This theory requires variation, fitness advantage, and heritability

Marine Biology

Study of life in the sea/study of organisms that live in the oceans and other marine water

• tend to study near the shore

Oceanography

Study of the oceans (physical, chemical, biological, and geological aspects of a marine habitat)

Ocean

Vast, interconnected body of salt water that covers approximately 71% of Earth’s surface

Sea

Large body of salt water that is smaller than an ocean

Estuary

Partially enclosed body of salt water where freshwater from a river/stream mixes with salt water from the ocean

Physical Properties of Seawater

• 96.5% water and 3.5% dissolved salts, gases, and organic matter

• Salinity

• Temperature

• Density

• Freezing Point

• pH level

Biological Processes of Seawater

• Photosynthesis + Respiration

• Phytoplankton Auto-trophy

• Nutrient Utilization

• Bacterial Transformation

• Decomposition

• Carbon Fixation

Adaptations of Seawater

Organisms have _____ to be able to survive high salinity, pressure, temperature extremes, and changing tides

Sea Turtles + Nesting

Sea Turtle spotted laying eggs on the West Coast (California), which is uncommon for a sea turtle to do.

Layers of Open Ocean

Pelagic Zone

• Salinity = variable (wide range)

• Temperature = warm

• Density = low

Deep

• Salinity = variable

• Temperature = thermocline

• Density = high

Deeper

• Salinity = fixed into one value (plateaus)

• Temperature = cold

• Density = highest

Surface Currents

Roles

• Heat distribution and climate regulation

• Weather patterns

• Marine ecosystems and nutrient transport

• Started by global wind systems

4 building blocks of life

Protein, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, and Carbohydrates

Photosynthesis

Carbon Dioxide, Sunlight, and Water IN —> Oxygen and Glucose OUT

Cellular Respiration

Oxygen and Glucose IN —> Carbon Dioxide, Water, and ATP OUT

Macroalgae

Seaweed

Flowering Plant

Mangrove

Nautilius

Chambered/Pearly Nautilus

Squid

Hawaiian Bobtail Squid

Cuttlefish

Flamboyant Cuttlefish

Octopus

Giant Pacific Octopus

Sponges (Porifera)

Venus’ Flower Basket Sponge

Jellies, Anemones, and Corals (Cnidaria)

Moon Jelly, Sea Walnut, and Purple Sea Fan

Flat Worm

Leopard Flatworm

Round Worm

Herring Worm

Segmented Worm

Christmas Tree Worm

Gastropod

Blue Dragon

Bivalve

Pacific Littleneck Clam

Arthopod

American Lobster

Echinoderm

Sunflower Sea Star

Tunicate

Sea Vase

Lancelet

European Lancelet

Agnatha (jawless)

Sea Lamprey

Gnathostoma (jawed)

Gnathostoma binucleatum

Holocephali

Spotted Ratfish

Elasmobranchii

Manta Ray

Cartilaginous Fish

Whale Shark