BIO101 Lab Practical Exam I Study Guide Flashcards

Vocabulary study guide flashcards covering Scientific Tools and Measurements, Microscopy, Scientific Method, Diffusion and Osmosis, Enzyme Activity, and Cellular Respiration based on BIO101 Lab Practical Exam I.

Scale/balance

A scientific tool used to correctly measure the mass or weight of objects.

Graduated cylinder

A scientific tool used to accurately measure liquid volume.

Metric ruler

A scientific tool used to measure linear dimensions such as length, width, or height in metric units.

Thermometer

A scientific tool used to measure temperature.

Kilo-

Metric prefix representing $10^3$ units relative to the base unit.

Base Unit

The standard metric unit of measure with a factor of $10^0$.

Deci-

Metric prefix representing $10^{-1}$ relative to the base unit.

Centi-

Metric prefix representing $10^{-2}$ relative to the base unit.

Milli-

Metric prefix representing $10^{-3}$ relative to the base unit.

Micro-

Metric prefix representing $10^{-6}$ relative to the base unit.

Nano-

Metric prefix representing $10^{-9}$ relative to the base unit.

Total Magnification

The complete power of magnification achieved by multiplying the ocular lens magnification by the objective lens magnification.

Independent Variable

The factor or condition that is intentionally changed or manipulated by the experimenter.

Dependent Variable

The factor that is measured or observed to evaluate the response to changes in the independent variable.

Controlled Experiment

An experimental setup in which all variables are kept constant except for the one independent variable being tested.

Osmosis

The net movement or diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution that has a lower solute concentration compared to the intracellular fluid of a cell.

Isotonic Solution

A solution that has an equal solute concentration compared to the intracellular fluid of a cell.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution that has a higher solute concentration compared to the intracellular fluid of a cell.

Crenation

The shrinking or shriveling of an animal cell when exposed to a hypertonic solution.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment within a cell or organism.

Lysis

The swelling and bursting of an animal cell when placed in a hypotonic solution.

Plasmolysis

The process where the plasma membrane shrinks away from the rigid cell wall in a plant cell placed in a hypertonic solution.

Turgor Pressure

The outward force exerted by fluid against the cell wall in a plant cell placed in a hypotonic solution.

Semi-permeable / Selectively Permeable Membrane

A membrane that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through while restricting the passage of others.

Dialysis Tubing

An artificial selectively permeable membrane used to demonstrate diffusion based on molecular size.

Enzyme Placement in Chemical Equations

The name of the enzyme catalyst is conventionally written above the reaction arrow in a chemical equation.

Denature

The loss of an enzyme's native three-dimensional structure and catalytic activity caused by external factors such as extreme temperature or pH.

Four Stages of Aerobic Cellular Respiration

The sequential pathways of aerobic cellular respiration: Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation (Transition step), Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle), and Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain).

Two Stages of Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

The pathways involved in anaerobic cellular respiration: Glycolysis and Fermentation.

Redox Reaction

A oxidation-reduction reaction involving electron transfer, playing a central role in energy harvesting during cellular respiration.

Alcohol Fermentation

An anaerobic pathway converting glucose into ethanol, carbon dioxide ($CO_2$), and a small yield of ATP.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

An anaerobic pathway converting glucose into lactic acid and a small yield of ATP without generating carbon dioxide ($CO_2$).