Speech Science Midterm

the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal, quiet breath

tidal volume

Tidal Volume is a ____, and ____ breath

normal quiet

the additional amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation?

inspiratory reserve volume

inspiratory reserve volume is air that can be inhaled after what?

normal inhalation

the additional amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation?

expiratory reserve volume

expiratory reserve volume is air that can be exhaled after what?

normal exhalation

the amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation?

residual volume

can you voluntarily exhale all of the air from our lungs?

no

what is the formula for inspiratory capacity?

IC = TV + IRV

what is the formula for functional residual capacity? (FRC)

FRC = ERV + RV

what is the formula for vital capacity?

VC = IRV + TV + ERV

what is the formula for total lung capacity (TLC)

TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV

breathing patterns change depending on?

activity

quiet breathing is?

slower, regular breathing

speech breathing is?

more controlled. inhalations are generally shorter

speech occurs primarily during what?

exhalation

exercise breathing becomes what?

faster and deeper to meet increased oxygen/metabolic demands

during speech we typically take a ____

quick inhalation followed by a longer controlled exhalation

what is pleural linkage?

connection between the lungs and the thoracic wall

the connection between the lungs and thoracic wall is created by what?

pleaural membranes and pleural fluid

what are the 2 pleural layers?

visceral pleura and parietal pleura

what covers the lungs?

visceral pleura

the parietal pleura lines what?

inside of thoracic cavity

what is between the visceral and parietal pleura?

pleural fluid

why is pleural linkage necessary?

allows the lungs to follow the movements of the thoracic wall

what happens when the lungs expand

1. thoracic cavity expands

2. lungs expand

3. lung volume increases

4. pressure inside lungs decreses

5. air flows in

what would happen without pleural linkage?

lungs would not effectively follow the movement of the chest wall

what is the relationship between lung volume and lung pressure?

inverse

when lung volume increases air pressure does what?

decreases, air moves in

when lung volume decreases, air pressure does what?

increases, air moves out

the relationship between lung volume and lung pressure follows what law?

boyle’s law

what are the primary muscles of inhalation?

diaphragm and external intercostals

what is the primary muscle of inspiration?

diaphragm

what happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

1. contracts

2. flattens

3. thoracic cavity becomes larger

4. air enters

where is the external intercostals located?

between the ribs

what happens to the external intercostals during inspiration?

1. contract

2. ribs move upward/outward

3. thoracic cavity expands

quiet exhalation is primarily ___

passive

why does quiet exhaltion occur?

relaxation of inspiratory muscles and elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall

what does forced exhalation use?

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

forced exhalation actively does what?

decreases thoracic volume and increase pressure

what is the process of inhalation?

1. diaphragm contracts

2. diaphragm moves downward/flatterns

3. external intercostals contract

4. rib cage expands

5. thoracic volume increases

6. lung volume increases

7. intrapulmonary pressure decreases

8. air flows into the lungs

what is the process of exhalation?

1. inspiratory muscles relax

2. diaphragm moves upward

3. rib cage returns toward resting position

4. lung volume decreases

5. intrapulmonary pressure increases

6. air flows out

what does the relaxation curve represent?

natural resting relationship between lung volume, thoracic/chest wall volume, and pressure

the respiratory system has an inherent tendency to ____

return toward its resting/equilibrium position

the lungs naturally recoil ___

inward

the chest wall tends to recoil ____

outward at certain volumes

what are the unpaired cartilages?

1. thyroid cartilage

2. cricoid cartilage

3. epiglottis

what are the paired cartilages?

1. arytenoid cartilages

2. corniculate cartilages

3. cuneiform cartilages

what cartilage is the largest?

thyroid

the thyroid cartilage forms much of ___

anterior/lateral larynx

the thyroid cartilage contains the ___

thyroid notch

the cricoid cartilage is located ___ the thryoid cartilage

below

what is a complete ring of cartilage?

cricoid

what sits on top of the cricoid?

arytenoid cartilages

vocal folds attach to what posteriorly?

arytenoid cartilages

the epiglottis is shaped like what?

leaf

what is the role of the epiglottis?

protect the airway during swallowing

what is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA)

adduction

LCA rotates the arytenoids ___

medially

LCA does what to the vocal folds?

bring them together

LCA does what to the glottis?

closes it

what is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA)

abduction

PCA rotates the arytenoids ___

laterally

PCA ___ the vocal folds

opens

what is the only muscle that abducts the vocal folds

posterior cricoarytenoid

what are the functions of the thyromuscularis?

shorten vocal folds, relax/decrease tension, and contribute to adduction

the thyromuscularis is part of what muscle?

thyroarytenoid muscle

the cricothyroid muscle has:

1. pars recta

2. pars oblique

what is the function of the cricothyroid?

lengthen and tenses the vocal folds

if tension in the cricothyroid increases what happens?

fundamental frequency and pitch increases

pars recta is the ___ portion

vertical

what does the pars recta contribute to?

tilting the thyroid cartilage

the pars oblique is the ___ portion

diagonal

what does the pars oblique contribute to?

thyroid/cricoid movement and vocal fold tension

what does the interarytenoid contain?

1. transverse interarytenoid

2. oblique interarytenoid

what is the function of the interarytenoid?

adduction of the vocal folds to close the posterior glottis

the thyrovocalis is part of what?

thyoarytenoid/vocalis complex

what is the function of the thyrovocalis?

1. fine adjustment of vocal fold tension

2. helps control vocal fold vibration

3. allows precise adjustments for pitch and voice quality

what joint allows the thyroid caritlage to tilt relative to the cricoid

cricothyroid joint

the cricothyroid joint changes the vocal fold how?

length and tension

during cricothyroid joint contraction what happens?

vocal folds become longer, thinner, and more tense

what happens to the fundamental frequency nd pitch during cricothyroid joint contraction?

both increase

the cricoarytenoid joint allows the arytenoid cartilages to?

rotate and glide

what does the cricoarytenoid joint control?

1. vocal fold abduction

2. vocal fold adduction

3. glottal opening/closure

arytenoid movement occurs through:

rotation and gliding

roation and gliding of the arytenoids occurs where?

at the cricoarytenoid joints

the movements of the arytenoid cartilages change the position of what?

vocal processes and change the size/shape of glottis

what does the bernoulli principle state?

when air moves though a narrowed passage, its velocity increases and pressure decreases

what are the 6 steps of phonation according to the bernoulli principle?

1. vocal folds come together

2. air pressure builds below the vocal folds

3. vocal folds begin to separate

4. air flows rapidly through the glottis

5. pressure decreases between the folds

6. this contributes to the vocal folds moving back toward one another

according to the bernoulli principle: faster airflow = ___

lower pressure

the myoelastic-aeriodynamic theory states that voice production depends on the interaction of:

myoelastic forces and aerodynamic forces

musclular forces + elastic properties of the vocal folds is what?

myoelastic forces

air pressure and airflow through the glottis is what?

aerodynamic forces

what is the 7 step sequence according to the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory?

1. adduction

2. subglottal pressure builds

3. folds open

4. airflow increases

5. pressure changes

6. elastic forces + aerodynamic forces brings folds back together

7. cycle repeats

what does vocal fold vibration depend on?

1. vocal fold tissue properties

2. muscle activity

3. subglottal pressure

4. airflow

5. elastic recoil

6. bernoulli effects

what travels across the vocal fold tissue during vibration?

mucosal wave

what are the 3 type of phonation onsets?

1. glottal attack

2. breathy onset

3. gentle onset

what happens to the vocal folds during a glottla attack?

come togehter before airflow begins

glottal attacks produces a ______ onset

forceful/abrupt

what happens with airflow during a breathy onset?

begins before complete vocal fold closure