COGS 160 Midterm Practice Question_Mary Boyle

Labeling Diagram:

(Discussion Week 1 Tuesday)

True or False: Jay Forrester believed that the apparent cause, as long as it was plausible according to what scientists had learned, was most likely to be the true root cause for outcomes in a social system.

Group of answer choices

True

False

(Week 1 Quiz)

Answer: False b/c he believed apparent cause may actually be a symptom, not the true root cause.

A [ Select ] ["irregular", "larger", "smaller", "concave", "muscular"] waistline, [ Select ] ["bile", "low", "hepatic", "high"] HDL [ Select ] ["adipose", "cholesterol", "glucose", "insulin"] , and [ Select ] ["high", "bile", "low", "hepatic"] fasting blood glucose are associated with increased risk of [ Select ] ["endocrine", "metabolic", "sympathetic", "parasympathetic", "cardiac"] diseases like type 2 diabetes and stroke.

(Week 1 Quiz)

Answer: larger; low; cholesterol; high; metabolic

In a healthy person with normal insulin sensitivity, insulin is released from the [ Select ] ["myocyte", "adipocite", "beta", "portal", "alpha"] cells of the [ Select ] ["large intestine", "pancreas", "small intestine", "stomach", "liver"] . Insulin tells the liver to [ Select ] ["release", "hold on to", "take in", "produce", "destroy"] glucose. Insulin tells muscle and adipose cells to [ Select ] ["take in", "hold on to", "produce", "release", "destroy"] glucose.

(Week 1 Quiz)

Answer: beta; pancreas; hold on to; take in

Connect each cell type (on the left) to the part of the body where it is (on the right).

Group of answer choices

Adipocite

[ Choose ] Fat Tissue Muscle Tissue Pancreas Liver

Myocyte

[ Choose ] Fat Tissue Muscle Tissue Pancreas Liver

Beta Cell

[ Choose ] Fat Tissue Muscle Tissue Pancreas Liver

Hepatocyte

[ Choose ] Fat Tissue Muscle Tissue Pancreas Liver

(Week 1 Quiz)

Answer:

Adipocite → Fat Tissue

Myocyte → Muscle Tissue

Beta Cell → Pancreas

Hepatocyte → Liver

True or False: When you are insulin resistant, adipocytes leak fatty acids into the bloodstream. When there are high levels of fatty acids in the blood, the liver processes them into triglycerides at the expense of high-density lipoproteins. This leads to high triglycerides in the blood and low HDL cholesterol.

Group of answer choices

True

False

(Week 1 Quiz)

Answer: True

True or False: When the body initially becomes insensitive (in the very early preclinical stage of a metabolic disorder) to insulin signaling, insulin signaling may increase in order to compensate. This change will not lead to changes in fasting blood glucose.

Group of answer choices

True

False

(Week 1 Quiz)

Answer: True

True or False: When the kidneys become resistant to insulin, they hold on to more sodium, which leads to higher blood pressure.

Group of answer choices

True

False

(Week 1 Quiz)

Answer: False b/c kidneys can remain insulin sensitive or resistant and still retain more sodium 

True or False: According to Gerald Raven, If someone is morbidly obese and has a high insulin sensitivity, we would expect them to have a higher glucose response and a much lower insulin response than someone who is insulin sensitive.

Group of answer choices

True

False

(Week 1 Quiz)

Answer: False b/c high insulin sensitivity → Lower insulin response, regardless of BMI

True or False: The idea that people should drink 8 glasses a day comes from an academic study conducted by Dr. Fredrick J. Stare.

Group of answer choices

True

False

(Week 1 Quiz)

Answer: False b/c it was an opinion

True or False: Dr. Fredrick J. Stare did work funded by the Sugar Research Foundation that found that carbohydrates had a "minimal" impact on cardiovascular disease relative to the impacts of fats and cholesterol.

Group of answer choices

True

False

(Week 1 Quiz)

Answer: True

Determine whether each of the following is a simple sugar, complex sugar, or non-sugar.

1. Fructose

2. Polysaccharide

3. Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

4. β-Glucose

5. Amylase

6. Starch

7. Cellulose

8. Monosaccharide

9. Sucrose

10. Maltase

(Week 2 Tuesday Discussion)

Answers:

1. Fructose – Simple sugar

2. Polysaccharide – Complex sugar

3. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) – Non-sugar

4. β-Glucose – Simple sugar

5. Amylase – Non-sugar

6. Starch – Complex sugar

7. Cellulose – Complex sugar

8. Monosaccharide – Simple sugar

9. Sucrose – Simple sugar

10. Maltase – Non-sugar

The beta cell has no separate glucose detector. It measures glucose by burning it, and the energy it makes sets off a chain that ends in insulin release. Put the process in order below:

-Glucose enters through a transporter"

-"Calcium rushes into the cell"

-"ATP-sensitive potassium (K+ATP) channels close"

-"Insulin vesicles fuse with the membrane and release their contents"

-"The mitochondrion uses glucose products, and ATP rises" 

"Potassium builds up inside, and the cell depolarizes"

"Voltage-gated calcium channels open"

(Week 2 Thursday Discussion)

Answer:

1. Glucose enters through a transporter

2. The mitochondrion uses glucose products, and ATP rises

3. ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels close

4. Potassium builds up inside, and the cell depolarizes

5. Voltage-gated calcium channels open

6. Calcium rushes into the cell

7. Insulin vesicles fuse with the membrane and release their contents

Categorize each of the following as a simple sugar, complex sugar, or non-sugar:

Fructose: 

Polysaccharide:

Carbon Dioxide (CO2): 

β-Glucose:

Amylase:

Starch:

Cellulose: 

Monosacaride: 

Sucrose: 

Maltase:

(Week 2 Quiz)

Answer:

Fructose: Simple sugar

Polysaccharide: Complex sugar

Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Non-sugar

β-Glucose: Simple sugar

Amylase: Non-sugar

Starch: Complex sugar

Cellulose: Complex sugar

Monosacaride: Simple sugar

Sucrose: Simple sugar

Maltase: Non-sugar

The digestion of starch begins in the mouth, where [ Select ] ["salivary", "pancreatic", "hepatic", "complex", "simple"] [ Select ] ["starch", "amylase", "maltase", "cellulose", "sugar"] cuts some of the starch into [ Select ] ["maltose", "amylase", "glucose", "starch", "cellulose"] . Maltose is made up of an α-glucose molecule bound to [ Select ] ["a cellulose molicule", "a β-glucose molecule", "another α-glucose molecule", "a D-fructose", "a hydroxyl group"] . Digestion continues in the [ Select ] ["large intestine", "liver", "pancreas", "muscle", "small intestine"] , where [pancreatic] amylase continues to break down [ Select ] ["cellulose", "maltose", "α-glucose", "starch", "β-glucose"] into maltose. At the lining of the [ Select ] ["pancreas", "muscle", "small intestine", "liver", "large intestine"] , (at the brush boarder), maltase cleaves the [maltose] into two [ Select ] ["cellulose molecules", "β-glucose molecules", "maltose molecules", "starch molecules", "α-glucose molecules"] . Glucose enters the [ Select ] ["bloodstream", "pancreas", "astrocyte", "mouth", "myocytes"] , where it is transported via the portal vein to the [ Select ] ["adipocytes", "pancreas", "liver", "myocytes", "heart"]

(Week 2 Quiz)

Answer (in order): Salivary, Amylase, Maltose, Another α-glucose molecule, Small intestine, Starch, Small intestine, α-glucose molecules, Bloodstream, Liver.

To measure blood glucose the [ Select ] ["muscle", "adipose", "alpha", "beta"] cells in the pancreas take in glucose through the [ Select ] ["Myocyte", "GLUT", "C Peptide", "Proinsulin", "KATP"] transporter bound on the beta cell membrane. Inside the cell, the glucose undergoes [ Select ] ["vesicle fusion", "glycolysis", "photosynthesis", "transduction", "glycoprotien"] , which allows the [ Select ] ["mitochondria", "vesicle", "ribosome", "glucose", "liver"] and releases adenosine [ Select ] ["mono", "di", "tri", "mono", "penta", "di", "penta", "tetra", "tetra", "hexa", "tri", "hexa"] phosphate. If adenosine [ Select ] ["di", "tri", "hexa", "tetra", "penta", "mono"] phosphate rises high enough, it will bind to an A [ Select ] ["X", "D", "Q", "M", "G", "H", "T"] P-sensitive potassium channel and [ Select ] ["reverse", "facilitate", "block"] the movement of potassium, leading to [ Select ] ["repolarization", "depolarization", "polarization"] inside the cell membrane. This change in membrane potential acts on a [ Select ] ["ADP", "voltage", "ligand", "ATP"] -gated calcium channel, causing it to [ Select ] ["invert", "close", "open"] and for calcium to [ Select ] ["exit", "enter"] the cell. This causes [ Select ] ["mitochondria", "vesicles", "adenosine", "potassium", "glucose"] to fuse with the cell membrane and release [ Select ] ["glucose", "ADP", "blood", "insulin", "maltose"] into the bloodstream. In a healthy person, this will lead to glucose being [ Select ] ["released", "taken in"] by muscle and fat cells and being [ Select ] ["taken in", "heald", "released"] by the liver.

(Week 2 Quiz)

Answer (in order): Beta, GLUT, Glycolysis, Mitochondria, Tri, Tri, T, Block, Depolarization, Voltage, Open, Enter, Vesicles, Insulin, Taken in, Heald (held)???

True or False: Alpha glucose forms starch, and beta glucose forms cellulose. Starch and cellulose are both examples of complex sugars.

Group of answer choices

True

False

(Week 2 Quiz)

Answer: True

True or False: Unlike humans, ruminant animals like cows have a multipart bile duct that produces enzymes that allow them to digest cellulose. Even without this special enzyme, humans are able to digest the complex sugar starch.

Group of answer choices

True

False

(Week 2 Quiz)

Answer: False b/c we use amylase to digest starch

True or False: The disaccharide sucrose is made up of one glucose and one fructose bonded together. When metabolising sucrose, the bond connecting them is broken, releasing a water molecule (H2O), and then both the glucose and the fructose are able to be absorbed and metabolized directly by muscle cells and used for energy.

Group of answer choices

True

False

(Week 2 Quiz)

Answer: False b/c fructose is metabolized by the liver, not the muscles. Yes when sucrose is metabolized (break down) it requires H2O for hydrolysis. When sucrose is formed it release water.

True or False: The chemical difference between alpha (α) and beta (β) glucose is that, on the first carbon, the alpha configuration has the hydrogen pointing up and the hydroxyl pointing down. Beta glucose has the hydroxyl and the hydrogen flipped on that first carbon.

Group of answer choices

True

False

(Week 2 Quiz)

Answer: True

True or False: The enzyme amylase comes in several forms in the human body based on where it is released in the body (salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, etc.). The forms of human amylase are able to cleave starch but not cellulose because they are only able to break α-links.

Group of answer choices

True

False

(Week 2 Quiz)

Answer: True

Fat is a [ Select ] ["polar", "inorganic", "nonpolar"] molecule, while glycogen, a molecule made out of [ Select ] ["glucose", "glucogon", "insulin", "triglycerides", "fatty acids"] linked with [ Select ] ["glycerol", "alpha bonds", "ATGL", "beta bonds"] just like [ Select ] ["cellulose", "fatty acids", "H2O", "starch", "triglicerides"], is [ Select ] ["inorganic", "nonpolar", "polar"]. Polar molecules are hydro [ Select ] ["phillic", "phobic", "flask", "dynamic", "gen"], meaning that they must be stored with [ Select ] ["glucose", "glycerol", "glucagon", "water", "fatty acids"]. [ Select ] ["insulin", "glycogen", "Fat", "water", "glucagon"] is the more energy-dense of the two molecules, having about [ Select ] ["2000", "6", "0.5", "2", "15"] times more energy per gram. Additionally, a healthy lean adult can hold more kcal worth of [ Select ] ["glucagon", "insulin", "water", "fat", "glycogen"] than [ Select ] ["fat", "water", "glycogen", "insulin", "glucagon"]. Only about two thousand kcal [ Select ] ["insulin", "glycogen", "fat", "water", "glucagon"] can be stored in your [ Select ] ["fat and muslces", "pancreas and fat", "pancreas and bloos", "liver and blood", "liver and fat", "liver and pancreas", "pancreas and muscles", "liver and mucles"]

(Week 3 Quiz)

Answer: nonpolar; glucose; alpha bonds; starch; polar; phillic; water; Fat; 6; fat; glycogen; glycogen; liver and muscles

When glucagon is released from the [ Select ] ["myocytes", "delta cells", "beta cells", "adipocytes", "alpha cells"] of the [ Select ] ["liver", "gut", "blood cells", "adipose", "pancreas", "muscles"] and signals to the liver to [ Select ] ["take in", "destroy", "hold on to", "release", "burn"] glucose and [ Select ] ["release insulin into", "remove salts from", "stop preforming glycolysis in", "release fatty acids into", "stop taking in glucose from"] the blood.

(Week 3 Quiz)

Answer: alpha cells; pancreas; release; stop taking in glucose from

What intervention did Weng and colleagues do that resulted in improved type 2 diabetes?

Group of answer choices

Provided GLP-1 drugs to reduce food intake

Provided external insulin to supplement the endogenous insulin produced by the pancreas

Made people only eat at specific time windows

Made people reduce their food intake

Provided external glucagon to supplement the endogenous glucagon produced by the pancreas

(Week 3 Quiz)

Answer: Provided external insulin to supplement the endogenous insulin produced by the pancreas

In a healthy person when there is low insulin, what is the adipose tissue doing?

Group of answer choices

Lipolysis

All of the above

Glycolisis

Absorbing glucose from the blood

Gluconeogensis

Producing insulin

(Week 3 Quiz)

Answer: Lipolysis

Select 2 answers: Where is most of your glycogen broken down?

Group of answer choices

The gut (small or large intestine)

The blood

In fat cells

The liver

In muscle cells

The brain

(Week 3 Quiz)

Answer: The liver; In muscle cells

True or False: In a study by Liu and colleagues, two types of mice (wild type and autophagy deficient) were given a diet high in fats with normal carbohydrates or the same diet given only on alternate days.

Group of answer choices

True

False

(Week 3 Quiz)

Answer: True

In a 2017 study, Cheng, Longo, and colleagues found that the number of beta cells increased during fasting, but following feeding (within 3 days), the pool shrank back to normal. This result indicated that the pancreas builds its beta cells during fasting in mice.

Group of answer choices

True

False

(Week 3 Quiz)

Answer: False b/c β-cells increase during refeeding, not fasting.

True or False: In a 2017 study, Cheng, Longo, and colleagues modeled Type 2 diabetes in mice with high-dose streptozotocin injections. This depleted beta cells, led to reduced insulin signaling, which resulted in insulin insensitivity. This differs from human Type 2 diabetes because it is not related to an autoimmune disease.

Group of answer choices

True

False

(Week 3 Quiz)

(S1)

Answer: False b/c STZ models T1D insulin deficiency, while db/db models T2D insulin resistance.

True or False: In a 2017 study, Cheng, Longo, and colleagues had mice undergo a diet that mimicked repeated cycles of fasting. This led to changes in gene expression and activated a developmental program in the adult mice that rebuilds β-cells in the pancreas.

Group of answer choices

True

False

(Week 3 Quiz)

Answer: True b/c repeated fasting cycles activated developmental genes that helped rebuild β-cells in the pancreas.

True or False: A 2017 study by Cheng, Longo, and colleagues modeled Type 2 diabetes by altering genes related to the Leptin receptor, which led the mouse to become obese and diabetic. This is not a perfect model because humans with Type 2 diabetes still have leptin receptors.

Group of answer choices

True

False

(Week 3 Quiz)

Answer: True

True or False: Autophagy, or the body's natural ability to recycle and consume the materials from its own cells, is important for a number of reasons. One example is in infancy, where infants rely on autophagy to cover the nutritional transition from the placental food supply to postnatal feeding. This is why many infants lose some weight in the first week of life.

Group of answer choices

True

False

(Week 3 Quiz)

Answer: True

True or False: Chronic overnutrition can overload the insulin-making machinery of the beta cells and push them to dedifferentiate. This overloading can be mitigated by periods of fasting, which would result in periods of low insulin demand.

Group of answer choices

True

False

(Week 3 Quiz)

Answer: True

True or False: In a study by Liu and colleagues, they found that fasting was only beneficial in mice with functional autophagy. In mice with deficits in autophagy, fasting led to death.

Group of answer choices

True

False

(Week 3 Quiz)

Answer: True

[ Select ] ["Allostasis", "Stimulation", "Homeostasis", "Habituation", "Physiology"] is the body's protective response to external challenges. When that system is overstimulated or not functioning normally, it can lead to a condition called [ Select ] ["type 1 diabetes", "PTSD", "type 2 diabetes", "homeostatic load", "allostatic load"], which can lead to diseases over long periods or smaller negative outcomes like [ Select ] ["reversed", "pancreatic", "larger", "faster", "slower", "hepatic"] wound healing, [ Select ] ["hormones", "inability", "neural firing", "ability", "transportation"] to adapt to the same repeated stressor, and [ Select ] ["delayed", "improved", "hipatic", "pancreatic", "greater"] recovery following stress.

(Week 4 Quiz)

(S1)

Answer: Allostasis; Allostatic load; Slower; Inability; Delayed

The human stress response has two primary arms. The slower and [ Select ] ["longer", "olfactory", "restful", "prolonged", "short-lived"] response involves [ Select ] ["cortisol", "adrenaline", "grenadine", "glucagon", "glucose", "insulin"], which is released from the [ Select ] ["adipopancreatic", "hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal", "hepatopancreatic", "sympathetic-adrenal-medullary", "myopancreatic"] pathway. The immediate and [ Select ] ["prolonged", "short-lived", "restful", "olfactory", "slower"] response involves [ Select ] ["adrenaline", "insulin", "cortisol", "glucose", "glucagon", "grenadine"], which is released by the [ Select ] ["myopancraetic", "adipopancreatic", "hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal", "sympathetic-adrenal-medullary", "hipatopancreatic"] pathway.

(Week 4 Quiz)

(S1)

Answer: Prolonged; Cortisol; Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal; Short-lived; Adrenaline; Sympathetic-adrenal-medullary

The fight or flight response is mediated by the [ Select: Somatic / Autonomic / Sympathetic / Parasympathetic ] Nervous System, which is one of the two divisions of the [ Select: Somatic / Autonomic / Sympathetic / Parasympathetic ] Nervous System or the [ Select: Voluntarily / Involuntarily ] controlled part of the human nervous system. When in this state, blood glucose will [ Select: Increase / Decrease ], heart rate will [ Select: Increase / Decrease ], and your rate of digestion will [ Select: Increase / Decrease ].

(Week 4 Quiz)

(S1)

Answer: Sympathetic; Autonomic; Involuntarily; Increase; Increase; Decrease

In a fasting state, gluconeogenesis happens by what pathway?

a. Adipose releases fatty acids and glycerol which the pancreas converts into glucose

b. Adipose releases glucagon which the pancreas converts into glucose

c. The pancreas releases glucagon which is a substrate for the the liver to convert into glucose.

d. During lipolysis, adipose triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. The liver converts the glycerol into glucose.

e. During lipolysis, adipose triglycerides release fatty acids and glucagon, which the liver then converts into glucose.

(Week 4 Quiz)

(S1)

Answer: d. During lipolysis, adipose triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. The liver converts the glycerol into glucose.

Select all that apply: Which of the following were markers of allostatic load used in the Seemna et al., 1997 study?

a. Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α)

b. Low-Density Lipoprotein

c. Circulating Insulin Levels

d. Circulating Acetylcholine Levels

e. Visceral adipose tissue proxied through waist-to-hip ratio

f. HbA1c to measure glycemic regulation

g. High-density lipoprotein

h. Interleukin 6 (IL-6)

i. Diastolic Blood Pressure

j. Urine cortisol

(Week 4 Quiz)

(S1)

Answer: e, f, g, i, j, k

e. Visceral adipose tissue proxied through waist-to-hip ratio

f. HbA1c to measure glycemic regulation

g. High-density lipoprotein

i. Diastolic Blood Pressure

j. Urine cortisol

k. Systolic Blood Pressure

True or False: The results from a 1997 study by Seeman and colleagues found that cumulative stressors can accumulate in the body. Cumulative damage from responding to stress, measured across body systems, can predict decline and disease in older adults.

(Week 4 Quiz)

(S1)

Answer: a. True

True or False: Cytokines (including TNF-α, IL-6, and others) are markers that signal an inflammatory response. They are only active in response to chronic stressors because they can only be activated by acetylcholine.

(Week 4 Quiz)

(S1)

Answer: b. False

True or False: Stress can come from anticipation, which means that the brain predicts future outcomes from previous experiences and learned cues and tries to mount a bodily response to anticipated outcomes. This response can come in the form of stress both when accurately predicting negative outocmes and when the response occurs when the brain keeps predicting negative outcomes for a danger that has passed or inaccurately predicts worse outcomes than actually occur.

(Week 4 Quiz)

(S1)

Answer: a. True

True or False: The nervous system can be broken up into two subsystems, the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. They differ in terms of a person's ability to exert voluntary control over them. A person can easily control the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system, which is largely involuntary, can be further broken down into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

(Week 4 Quiz)

(S1)

Answer: False: Somatic = voluntary; autonomic = involuntary and divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.