cell snd virus

1. For the diagram: a) Label the 2 types of replicative cycles. b) Choose ONE and describe what is happening.

a) Lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle. b) Lysogenic cycle: bacteriophage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome as a prophage and replicates with the host DNA.

2. Gene editing is a relatively new technology made possible by what bacterial defense system against viruses?

CRISPR-Cas9.

3. What is the function of glycoproteins on the surface of animal viruses?

Glycoproteins bind to specific receptors on host cells, allowing the virus to attach to and enter the host cell.

4. HIV has RNA as its genetic material. Before it can integrate with our genomic DNA, the HIV RNA code is converted into a DNA code through the process of ____ using an enzyme called ____.

Reverse transcription using the enzyme reverse transcriptase.

5. HIV DNA integrated with genomic DNA is called a ____.

A provirus.

6. Once in the genome, the HIV DNA is ____ into mRNA and then used to make ____.

Transcribed into mRNA and then used to make viral proteins.

7. What does HIV stand for?

Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

8. True/False: All animal viral replicative cycles are just like HIV.

False. Animal viruses have different replication cycles and strategies.

9. Using the plasmid as a vector to have E. coli produce human insulin: a) Label the molecule represented by the scissors. b) Why use cDNA of the insulin mRNA rather than the actual insulin gene?

a) Restriction enzyme. b) cDNA lacks introns, which bacteria cannot remove, so E. coli can properly express the insulin coding sequence.

10. Use the graph to describe immunological memory and explain the importance of vaccines. Use scientific vocabulary for full credit.

The first exposure creates a slower primary immune response and memory B/T cells. A second exposure produces a faster, stronger secondary response with more antibodies. Vaccines create memory cells so the body can respond quickly to the pathogen.

11. Algae and Protozoans (Protists) — P, E, or A?

E — Eukaryotic cells.

12. Bacteria — P, E, or A?

P — Prokaryotic cells.

13. Have ribosomes — P, E, or A?

A — All cells have ribosomes.

14. Have a cell membrane — P, E, or A?

A — All cells have a cell membrane.

15. Have DNA in a nucleus — P, E, or A?

E — Eukaryotic cells.

16. Have a cytoskeleton — P, E, or A?

E — Eukaryotic cells.

17. Archaea — P, E, or A?

P — Prokaryotic cells.

18. Fungi — P, E, or A?

E — Eukaryotic cells.

19. How does the endosymbiont theory explain the origin of the chloroplast? Describe the symbiotic relationship and cite at least 3 pieces of evidence.

A photosynthetic prokaryote was engulfed by a host cell and became a chloroplast. Evidence includes chloroplasts having circular DNA, prokaryotic-like ribosomes, a double membrane, and the ability to reproduce independently.

20. Cells that line the small intestine look like the diagram. How is the cell structure related to their function? Be sure to state the function.

The microvilli greatly increase surface area, allowing the cells to absorb nutrients from the small intestine more efficiently.

21. Name one thing that plant cells have that animal cells do not.

Large central vacuole.

22. Name another thing that plant cells have that animal cells do not.

Cell wall.

23. Name another thing that plant cells have that animal cells do not.

Chloroplasts.

24. Label the cell parts in the 3 blank boxes in the insulin-production diagram.

Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and vesicles.

25. What kind of molecule is insulin?

Insulin is a protein, specifically a secreted protein.

26. What kind of molecule is the insulin gene?

DNA.

27. Label the process shown by the arrow going from the insulin gene to the insulin mRNA.

Transcription.

28. Explain the role of transcription factors in the expression of the insulin gene.

Transcription factors bind to regulatory DNA and help control transcription, allowing the insulin gene to be transcribed into mRNA.

29. What step of gene expression is left out of this diagram? Describe that process briefly.

Translation is left out. Ribosomes read the mRNA and assemble amino acids into the insulin protein.