Altered Fluid/Electrolytes, Acid/Base imbalances (week 1 pt.3)

the 4 edema causes

• inc. hydrostatic pressure

• dec. capillary oncotic pressure

• inc. capillary permeability

• lymphatic obstruction

edema

swelling due to water going into the interstitial space

dependent edema

edema is worse in areas that are most affected by gravity so the areas of the body that are closer to the ground are more susceptible (lower legs, lower back)

pitting edema is caused by

transudative fluid

transudative fluid is

mainly water

non-pitting edema is caused by

exudative fluid

exudative fluid is

a build up of proteins, salts, & H₂O

2 examples of non-pitting edema

lipedema, lymphedema

lipedema occurs primarily in ___ and is associated with ___ fat accumalation and ____

females, abnormal, pain

lymphedema is caused by ___ obstruction and is typically ___ on the body

lymphatic, unilateral

dehydration

water loss exceeds water intake

hypovalemia

low blood volume

hypervalemia

high blood volume

hypernatremia

high sodium

hyponatremia

low sodium

Sodium is primarily found on the ___ of cells

outside

Potassium is primarily found on the ___ of cells

inside

isotonic

total body water change w/ proportional electrolyte change

tonicity alterations

any change to the amt of water or sodium in the body

normal range for osmolality

275-295

hypotonic

water excess relative to dissolved electrolytes (usually Na+)

hypertonic

water defecit relative to dissolved electrolytes (usually Na+)

hypotonic solutions have ____ osmolality with values of ___

decreased, <275

hypertonic solutions have ____ osmolality with values of ___

increased, >295

hypernatremia value

>145

common causes of hypernatremia

low water intake, excess water loss, excess sodium consumption

hyponatremia serum sodium values

<135

dilutional hypotonic hyponatremia

excess water intake leading to water intoxication

hyperkalemia

high serum potassium levels

hypokalemia

low serum potassium levels

hypokalemia serum blood levels

<3.5

hyperkalemia serum blood levels

>5.5

normal potassium levels

3.5-5.5

hypercalcemia

high calcium blood levels

hypercalcemia serum blood levels

>10.5

hypocalcemia serum blood levels

<9

changes in potassium levels effect the

heart

changes in calcium levels effect the

bones/muscles

changes in sodium level effects the

brain

hypokalemia can lead to

membrane hyperpolarization

acidic pH

7.35 or lower

alkalitic pH

7.45 or higher

arterial blood gas levels are used to determine

acid-base balance

respiratory PaCO₂ levels

35-45

CO₂ is an

acid

HCO₃^- is a

base

respiratory acidosis

increase in PaCO₂

respiratory alkalosis

decrease in PaCO₂

hypercapnia

high carbon dioxide levels

hypocapnia

low carbon dioxide levels

metabolic acidosis

dec. in bicarbonate OR inc. in non-carbonic acids

metabolic alkalosis

inc in bicarbonate

when respiratory acidosis or alkalosis occurs the ___ help compensate by ___ or eliminating ____ in the body

kidneys, conserving, bicarbonate

w/ respiratory alkalosis think

hyperventilation (paper bag)

w/ respiratory acidosis think

hypoventilation

a common contributing factor of metabolic alkalosis is

antacid overuse

normal bicarbonate levels

22-26

metabolic alkalosis blood serum levels

bicarbonate 26<

metabolic acidosis blood serum levels

bicarbonate 22>

resp. alkalosis blood serum levels

PaCO₂ : 35>

resp. acidosis blood serum levels

PaCO₂ : 45<

anion gap

the amount of anions besides chloride and bicarbonate in the blood levels (against the amt of sodium in the blood)