genetics exam 2 (improved version)

what are the levels of nucleic acid structure

nucleotides, single strand, double helix, three dimensional structure

what is dna

what is the central dogma

what is rna

define transcription

what percentage of nuceltodies code for protein

dna=where information is stored

the flow of biological info

rna=how we use that info

transcription is dna to rna

in dna we have 3.2 billion nucleotides, abt two percent codes for protein

what shape is eukaryotic dna which is organized into chromosomes

what structure is dna

what is a nucleosome

linear

tertiary structure

DNA wrapped around histone proteins

extra: around 80 percent of your DNA is read and copied into RNA molecules however only abt 1-2 percent of that DNA actually holds the instructions to make proteins

the DNA structure can be described as two blank and blank nucleotide strands that form a blank blank

the secondary structure is what gives DNA it’s blank 3d structure

what is primary structure for DNA, how do they join together

complementary, antiparallel

double helix

stable

string of nucleotides joined together by phosphodiester linkages

Nucleic acids are linear models made up of repeating subunits of blank

what 3 molecules make up a nucleotide

Nucleotides

phosphate, nitrogenous base, and sugar-ribose for RNA or deoxyribose for DNA

what two molecules are purines

what does a purine have ring wise

Adenine and Guanine

PURe As Gold

what two molecules make up pyrimidines

what do pyrimidines have ring wise

Thymine, Uracil, and Cytosine

they are a single ring

CUT the PYRamid

is this sugar for DNA or RNA why

DNA bc there is no oxygen on the 2’ carbon

is this sugar deoxyribose or ribose and why

ribose bc there is an oxygen on the 2 prime carbon

the base is always at which carbon

synthesis always occurs in what direction

what molecule is on 5 prime

what molecule is on the 3 prime

one prime carbon

5’ to 3’

the phosphate

hydroxyl (required for DNA/RNA synthesis

what does the promotor do

after we open up the helicase at a particular spot what do we use

what defines where we have rna go

where we recruit the proteins to start prescribing mRNA

an RNA polymerase

promotor

eukaryotic DNA is blank and organized into chromosomes

what structure is it

what is chromatin

what are nucleosomes

tertiary structure

the complex packaging of DNA

DNA wrapped around histone proteins

a blank bond links nucleotides together between the blank blank group and the blank blank group of the next nucleotide

3’, hydroxyl, 5’, phosphate

in DNA there are two blank and blank nucleotide strands that form a blank blank

the secondary structure is where the dna is blank 3d structure

what is the primary structure

complementary,. antiparallel

double helix

stable

string of nucleotides joined together by phosphodiester linkages

two strands are not identical, they are blank DNA strands

what two things pair together

what other two things pair together

( molecule wise in a nucleotide)

complimentary

A pairs with T

G pairs with C

hydrogen bonds are blank energy bonds what do they do

A and T bonds have how many hydrogen bonds between them

how many bonds are between G and C

low

stabilize the molecule (can be disrupted by enzymes/heat energy)

2

3

if one side goes 5 prime to 3 prime

what direction will the other side go

3 prime to 5 prime

what id dna stabilized by

the hydrogen bonding between base pairs

base stacking -nitrogenous bases=directly on top of each other

what are the names of these

left=ball and stick model of DNA

right=space filling model of DNA

most rna is blank stranded

what’s the exception

single stranded

dsRNA viruses

how do single stranded RNA molecules stabilize themselves

regions of the RNA blank blank blank with itself forming regions of blank blank that blank the structure

the secondary structures give different places for…

by taking secondary structures

complementary base pair, double strandedness, stabilize

proteins to bind onto

define each of these loops

bulge loop

internal loop

multi branched loop

stem loop

what two factors contribute to the tertiary structure of RNA

base pairing and base stacking within RNA

interactions with ions, small molecules, and large proteins

to fulfill it’s role, genetic material must meet several criteria-what are the four words

what does the first one that starts with an I mean-define it

information, transmission, replication, variation

information: must contain the info necessary to make an entire organism

what does transmission mean

what is replication mean

it must be passed from parent to offspring

it must be copied in order to be passed from parent to offspring

what does variation mean

it must be capable of changes to account for th known phenotypic variation in each species

what did Griffith discover in 1928

what did he isolated two strains of

what happened when Griffith injected the rough strain into the mouse

what happens if Griffith injected the smooth strain into the mouse

the principle of transformation

Streptococcus Pneuomoniae

rough(non virulent strain)=mouse lives

smooth (virulent strain)=mouse dies

what happened when Griffith injected the heat killed smooth into the mouse

what happens when Griffith injected the heat killed smooth with rough , what was recovered

mouse lives (no bacteria recovered)

the mouse dies -virulent bacteria=recovered

what did Avery, Mccloud and McCloud, and McCarty show in 1944

When RNased(enzyme that destroys RNA) was placed in a bottle with llR bacteria what were the results

When protease(destroys protein) was placed in a bottle with llR bacteria what were the results

when DNase(destroys DNA) was placed in a bottle with llR bacteria what were the results

that the transforming pincriple is DNA

type llR and llS bacteria

type llR and and llS bacteria

type 2R

only DNA has the ability to transform

what did the Hershey chase experiment do

what main thing did they use

what does the DNA genome contain

what does the protein coat contain

confirmation that DNA is the genetic material

through a bacteriophage( a virus that infects bacteria)

phosphorous

sulfur

what were the results, what were the results

radioactive P in DNA

radioactive S in protein s

radioactive P. was found inside bacteriophage

what did Erwin Chargaff discover

found that the amounts of the four bases varied between species but their ratios did not

what did Rosalind Franklin do

performed x ray diffraction of DN fibers

it rpvodes info concerning the structure of a molecule

what did James watson and Francis crick discover in 1953

whose existing data did they steal from

whose other rule did they use

the 3 dimensional structure of DNA

they used existing data from Rosalind franklins molecular models and knowledge of structural chemistry

char gaffs rule (adenine and thymine bond) and guanine and cytosine bond)

DNA REPLICATION NOW

what is this

deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates

(fundamental chemical building blocks and energy sources used to synthesize DNA)

replication is blank

Each strand (or side) of the DNA acts as a blank to blank the
other strand through blank blank

semiconservative

template, recreate, complementary base pairing

in DNA replication, one double strand is used to make..

two identical strands of DNA

2nd one, semiconservative model

phosphodiester bonds happen where

what is also important abt phosphodiester bonds

between 2 nucleotides, OH and PPP bond

they’re the way we know what nucleotide to bring in the template strands

bond between strands are blank and blank

complimentary and antiparallel

deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates/dNTPs include..

which has 2 rings, which has 1 ring

purines and pyrimidines

purine=2 rings (A,G)-PUR As Gold

pyrimidines=1 ring CUT the PYRamid (C,T,U)

int he semiconservative DNA replication

you use one parental strand and one blankstrand to make how many daughter cells

new, 2

what was the conservative model

what is the semiconservative model

new and new, old and old, everything stays intact, new double helix=built from scratch

the correct one: double stranded DNA copies itself, the two original strands separate, each one serves as a template to make new complimentary strand

what is the dispersive model (last of the 3 models)

little bits of genome break apart and reassemble

experiment proving that DNA replication is semiconservative

• Cells / bacteria grown in media with blank blank blank

• Cells then grown in media with blank blank blank

• Cells divide every 30 minutes 

• After synthesis you should see…

• DNA assessed with blank to determine the blanks of heavy and light nitrogen was in DNA  

• Moved through a gradient based on weight to measure it  

heavy nitrogen, 15N

light nitrogen 14N 

half heavy half light if semiconservative (we did)

centrifugation , amounts

what is ase

what is mer

waht is poly

enzyme puts together….

an enzyme that speeds up /helps a reaction

a short stretch of nucleotides

multiple

multiple stretch of nucleotides (makes DNA by reading template)

what is one of the main functions of DNA polymerase

it has what characteristic

waht can it identify

what does it use to blank newly made strand until mismatch is removed

after this what will resume, and in what direction

to act as a proofreader

high fidelity-low error rate

mismatched nuceltodie and remove it from daughter strand

3’-5’ exonuclease activity, digest

DNA synthesis, 5’-3’

DNA can attach nucleotides only in what direction

what can it not work with, what does it need

how is this problem overcome

5’ to 3’

monophosphates, triphosphates

by synthesizing new strands both toward and away from the repication fork

DNA polymerase cannot start DNA synthesis by linking 2 nucleotides on bare template strand