Physiology test 2 Ahangari UCF ANS only

Pheochromocytoma

tumor of the adrenal medulla' secretes excessive amounts of catecholamines with inc secretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandellic acid (VMA)

What is the result of a pheochromocytoma?

excess sweating, irregular heart rate, abdominal pain

When the insulin receptor cannot accept the insulin hormone the result is...

hyperglycemia

motor sensory autonomic =

innervation of muscles

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

innervates internal organs in thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities, also the endocraine glands, sweat glands, B vessels and BP

What are the 2 types of the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Which of the ANS systems works when the body is asleep?

parasympathetic

Which ANS system adjusts the body while it is active?

sympathetic

Locations of the parasympathetic system

in the cranium, and in sacral spinal cord areas s2-s4

Location of the sympathetic system?

T1-> l2/l3 on spinal cord

what is another name for the parasympathetic system?

"cranio- sacral"

What is another name for the sympathetic system?

"thoraco-lumbar"

The sympathetic system increases respiration rate during activity because more O2 is needed, in this process it also...

relaxes the smooth muscles of the bronchi

What part of the parasympathetic system innervates the pelvic internal organs?

Pelvis splanchnic nerve

What are the 3 nuclei in the brain stem?

sensory

motor

autonomic

The autonomic nuclei located in the brain stem are for what system?

parasympathetic sys of ANS

What are some roles of the parasympathetic system of the ANS?

dec heart rate, myocardial contraction

active in GI tract for digestion and absorption

inc maternal GI

Inc secretion of gastric hormone gastric acid

The cranial system of the parasympathetic system of the ANS communicates with what cranial nerves?

3,7,9,10

What number is the vegas nerve in the brain?

10

What is a role of the sympathetic system during a work out?

excess sweating, inc heart rate, more blood to muscles, more circulation

2 types of fibers of the sympathetic system

preganglionic and post ganglionic

the preganglionic of the sympathetic system does what?

releases the nuerotransmitter Ach from nueron to be accepted by receptor

Ach receptors =

cholinergic receptors

2 types cholinergic receptors

nicotinic and muscarinic

The post ganglionic fiber of the sympathetic system releases

norepinephrine (noradrenaline) to its receptor

Noradrenaline receptor

= Adrenergic receptors

4 types of adrenergic receptors

alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2

what does NE effect depend on?

Type and location of receptor

Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors located at

GI tract, Smooth muscle of blood vessel, vascular smooth muscle of skin, splanchnic regions, GI, bladder sphinchters, radial muscle of iris

What happens to blood vessels when norepinephrine binds to it's alpha 1 receptor?

vasoconstriction, contraction, squeezes blood vessels

What are roles of NE attached to Alpha 1 receptor?

vasoconstriction, muscle contraction, contraction of sphincters in GI tract

What is the result of over secretion of NE concerning the alpha 1 receptor?

hypertension

What is the result of over stimulation of the alpha 1 receptor?

hypertension

The G protein has 3 subunits, further divided into 6 based on inhibitory or simulator qualities, what are they called

alpha, beta, gamma

After alpha 1 is bound to NE, travels to cytoplasm G protein to meet with it's subunit, then What?

phospholipidase C is activated, activates IP3 enzyme which stimulates the sarcoplasmic recticulum releasing concentrated Ca2+ into cytoplasm = muscle contraction

The alpha 1 receptor is inhibitory or stimulatory?

stimulatory

The alpha 2 receptor is inhibitory or stimulatory?

inhibitory = relaxation/dilation

Where is the alpha 2 receptor found in the human body?

platelets in blood cells, fat cells, GI tract, presynaptic compartment of nerve

What are the steps that occur after 1) the NE binds to alpha 2 receptor on cell membrane?

2)activates G Protein alpha i = inhibitory p

3) inhibits adenylase cyclase

4) dec. intracellular NRG decrease in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

5) Effect = relaxation + dilation

What is overall effect on GI tract system when alpha 2 receptor accepts NE?

relation of sphincter/smooth muscle in GI tract

Where is the beta 1 receptor located?

the heart

Beta 1 receptor attaches to NE, steps after?

2) stimulates GP's alpha stimulatory

3) inc adenylase cyclase

4) increases cAMP

Beta 1 is more sensitive than what other receptor?

Alpha 1

Overall effect of beta 2 receptor?

inc heart rate, inc contractivity of myocardium, inc conduction velocity

Which areas on heart is the beta 1 receptor found?

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, myocardial muscle( ventricular muscle of heart)

Overstimulation of beta 1 or oversecretion of NE with beta 1 recpetor=

palputation, tachycardia = inc heart rate, inc contraction, inc conduction velocity

!!!! this is a pathologic condition

What medication does someone need for the beta 1 receptor overstimmulation, or oversecretion?

beta 1 blocker

What is the main beta 1 blocker medication

proplanolol

Asthmatic people, people with heart problem, and those with palputations cant take proplanolol, why?

recognizes beta 2 and blocks beta 2 and has a side effect on the bronchi

What is the alternative medication for certain people who cant have proplanolol?

Atenolol = specific to beta 1 blocking

Where can the beta 2 recpetors be found?

smooth muscle of bronchi, GI tract, Urinary bladder, bronchi, vascular smooth skeletal muscle

Beta 2 receptors are more senstitive to NE or E?

Epinephrine, more sensitive to it than alpha 1

overall, Beta 2 mechanism is the same as

Beta 1

After beta 2 binds to NE, ...

GP alpha s = stimulatory is activated, has a positive effect = relaxes smooth muscle of bronchi, sphincter of GI and bronchi

Albuterol is a medication used to act as a

beta 2 agonist

is a bronchodilator

acts as beta 2 relaxes bronchi

Where is the parasympathetic system most active?

GI tract - digestive system

What does the parasympathetic system do for the GI tract?

inc peristalsis, inc gastric hormone secretion, inc HCl secretion, inc nuerotransmitter secretion,

Parasympathetic simulatneously acts in GI and does...

dec heart rate, + dec contractivity of myocardium

The pregaglionic fiber of the parasympathetic system will have synapse with postganglionic fiber at the...

inside wall of internal organs

There is no specific ganglion of sympathetic system, therefore the preganglionic fiber of parasympathetic is

longer

Where is the origin of the parasympathetic system?

Cranio-sacral

nuclei of cranial nerves, s2-s4

Where is the origin of the sympathtic system?

T1- l2/l5 on spine

synapses of pre and post ganglionic fibers of the symp. system accrues in ___ for the use of by Parapsympth sys

sympathetic chain

The synapses of pre and post ganglionis of PS accrues where?

in walls of internal organs

Preganglionic fiber or Symp sys releases ____ and post of sympth releases ____.

Ach, NE

Pre and post ganlionic fibers of Parasympathetic fibers release whatt?

Ach

Ach receptor

cholinergic

Norepinephrine receptor

adrenergic

muscarinic receptors

activated by Ach + muscarine, blocked by atropine

stimulate smooth muscle and slow the heart rate

Where are musacarinic receptors?

heart, smooth muscle, glands

How do musacarinic receptors work at the Heart's sinoatrial node?

1) inhib adenylase cyclase

2) opening of K+ channels

3) slowing of depolarization

effect= decreased heart rate

How do musacarinic receptors work at smooth muscle and glands?

formation of IP3 and inc in intraellular Ca2+

Which receptor is active in parasymp. and symp systems?

cholenergic

medulla oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion, coughing

Brain stem

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

midbrain controls what?

renal system

Hypothalamus controls?

autonomic nervous system, limbic sys = emotional behavior and control, sexual behavior, memory, learning

Alpha 1 =

post synaptic

Alpha 2 =

presynaptic

Beta 1 =

in heart

Beta 2 =

bronchi (lungs), liver, pancrease

chronotropic

affects heart rate

coronary arteries

func in vasodilation

supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium

sympathetic nervius system of ANS decreses mucus secretion by ...

smooth musckes in bronchi

in the liver the symp sys decresases what?

glucongeneosis

in the liver the PS of the ANS

accumulates glucose to form glycogen

CCK (cholecystokinin)

increases release of bile when there is an increase of lipids or proteins

in the gallbladder, the sympathetic system controls the

sphinter

in gallbladder, the PS sys controlls

CCK (cholecystokenin) in digestive tract

Pancreas sympathetic system controll everything

t1-t11

The PS role in the pancreas is to

inc the activation of enzymes for carbon digestion

adrenal medulla has role in

NE and E secretion

innervation of adrenal medulla is only performed by the...

preganglionic of sympathetic system

what is the nuerotransmitter of the adrenal medulla

Ach

Symp sys of urinary bladder =

feeling bladder fullness

Para symp of urinary bladder =

emptying of bladder control

Uterus is controlled by what system?

PS

Which receptor is for uterine birth contraction?

alpha 1

What receptor is for uterine non pregnant contraction

Beta 2

Both genitals have emission by what system?

sympathetic