(E1) Disorders of the Nervous System of Ruminants

what bacteria causes tetanus

clostridium tetani

Clostridium tetani is gram —

positive

what shape is lostridium tetani

rods

what causes tetnus

Enters through damaged tissue or openings in skin

what is a common entrance site for tetanus in cattle

castration site

clinical signs of tetanus (6)

1. Generalized muscular rigidity and spasms

2. Hyperesthesia

3. Prolapse of third eyelid

4. Rigid paralysis

5. Convulsions

6. Death

how to diagnose tetanus (2)

1. Culture

2. Gram stained smear from site

how to treat tetanus (3)

1. Tetanus antitoxin

2. Antibiotics

3. Nursing care to prevent self trauma

how to prevent tetanus

Vaccination (toxoid)

define Encephalitis

inflammation of the brain

define Encephalomyelitis

inflammation of the brain and the spinal cord

Meningoencephalitis

inflammation of the brain and the meninges

what causes neonatal encephalitis (4)

1. fungal

2. parasitic

3. Viral - Bovine Herpes Virus (IBR)

4. Bacterial - E.coli

clinical signs of Systemic IBR in Neonates (6)

1. Fever

2. Lack of appetite

3. Salivation

4. Inflammation of nasal and oral mucosa

5. Respiratory distress

6. May develop into encephalitis

clinical signs of Encephalitis (5)

1. Anorexia

2. Excitement

3. Depression

4. Opisthotonus

5. death

define Opisthotonus (2)

1. spasm of muscles

2. arching of back and neck like tetanus

Opisthotonus aka

star gazing

how to diagnose neonatal encephalitis (6)

1. history

2. CSF

3. increased WBC’s

4. increased neutrophils

5. increased protein levels

6. ± cell abnormalities

how to treat neonatal encephalitis (2)

1. Supportive

2. Antibiotics

how to prevent neonatal encephalitis

vaccination

what causes Histophilus somni (4)

1. contagious

2. Bacterial infection

3. Septicemia

4. vasculitis

hiophilus somni is more common in … (1 animal + 2 seasons)

1. cattle

2. fall

3. winter

clinical signs of histophilus somni - Per-acute Septicemia (very acute/severe)

dead

clinical signs of histophilus somni - Acute Septicemia - Neurological involvement (7)

1. Infectious Thromboembolic Meningoencephalitis

2. knuckling of hind fetlocks

3. ataxia

4. fever

5. depression

6. recumbence

7. blindness

ITEME stands for…

Infectious Thromboembolic Meningoencephalitis

clinical signs of histophilus somni - Acute Septicemia - Myocardial necrosis (3)

1. dyspnea

2. history of the respiratory form

3. may die from exertion

clinical signs of histophilus somni - Acute Septicemia - Synovial involvement (2)

1. swollen joints

2. lameness

clinical signs of histophilus somni - Acute Septicemia - Laryngitis

Loud, raspy breathing

clinical signs of histophilus somni - Acute Septicemia - Otitis media (2)

1. floppy ear

2. discharge

clinical signs of histophilus somni - Acute Septicemia - Necrotic lesions (3)

1. lesions are in the spinal cord

2. paralysis

3. seen late in the feeding period of cattle

clinical signs of histophilus somni - Acute Septicemia - Abortion

1. placentitis (placenta)

2. vaginitis

3. cervicitis (cervix)

clinical signs of histophilus somni - Acute Septicemia (11)

1. Neurological involvement

2. Pneumonia

3. Myocardial necrosis

4. pleural involvement

5. Synovial involvement

6. Laryngitis

7. Otitis media

8. Necrotic lesions

9. Abortion

10. Conjunctivitis

11. retinal hemorrhage

clinical signs of histophilus somni - Histophilosis: ITEME form (3)

1. depressed

2. downer

3. apparent blindness

how to diagnose histophilus somni (10)

1. Microscopic evaluation of the CSF

2. Increased total cells

3. neutrophils will dominate

4. Bacteria cultured from blood

5. Bacteria cultured from CSF

6. Bacteria cultured from urine

7. Bacteria cultured from brain

8. Bacteria cultured from kidney

9. Bacteria cultured from liver

10. Bacteria cultured from synovial fluid

how to treat histophilus somni

antibiotics

how to prevent histophilus somni

vaccinate

what kind of vaccine is for histophilus somni

killed vaccine

what is the bacteria that causes

Listeria monocytogenes

is listeriosis zoonotic

yes

what does listeriosis bacteria like to be in (3)

1. Prefer poorly fermented silage

2. pockets of spoiled silage

3. pockets where silage is accidentally mixed with soil

when is the Highest incidence of listeriosis (season)

winter

what causes listeriosis

Enter through the oral mucosa through abrasions and travels up cranial nerves to the brain

clinical signs of listeriosis (16)

1. Encephalitis

2. Unilateral infection of brain stem

3. One-sided facial hypoalgesia

4. low sensation to painful stimuli

5. Paralysis of facial nerves

6. droopy eyelids

7. droopy ears

8. droopy lips

9. Ataxia

10. Head tilt to the affected side

11. Dullness

12. head pressing

13. Abortion

14. Septicemia

15. Ophthalmitis

16. circling

define Ophthalmitis

inflammation of the eye

how to diagnosis listeriosis (7)

1. increased protein in CSF

2. increased leukocytes in CSF

3. culture from CSF

4. culture from blood

5. culture from fetal tissues

6. PM histology of brain

7. culture of brain tissue

how to treat listeriosis

Broad spectrum AB’s

how to prevent listeriosis

none

TSE stands for

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies

what is TSE in cattle called

BSE

what is TSE called in sheep

scarpie

what is TSE called is cervids

chronic wasting disease

what are three species under cervids

1. deer

2. elk

3. moose

clinical signs of scrapie (12)

1. Weakness

2. weight loss

3. Rubbing

4. biting at the wool on the rump

5. biting at the wool on the thighs

6. biting at the wool on the base of the tail

7. Transient signs

8. Behavioral

9. Loss of coordination

10. Muscle tremors

11. convulsions

12. death

define Transient signs

meaning weeks in between episodes

how to diagnose scrapie (4)

1. detecting the abnormal prions in the brain tissue after death

2. detecting the abnormal prions in the lymph nodes after death

3. detecting the abnormal prions in the spleen after death

4. Rectal or third eyelid lymphoid tissue from live animals

how to treat scrapie

none

how to prevent scrape (3)

1. None

2. Federal vet needs to order destruction of affected sheep, offspring and certain flock mates

3. Genetic testing available