Science Exam Reviewer

Epididymis

Once sperm are produced by the testes they move into and mature in the _____

Carry both semen and urine but not at the same time

The purpose of the urethra is to ____.

Hormones

The menstrual cycle is triggered each month by ___

Fallopian tube

Fertilization usually takes place in the ____

Testicles

The male hormone testosterone is produced by ______

Zygote

Fertilized egg is called ___

Scrotum

Keeps testes outside the body and below body temperature 

* One of the external male reproductive organs (external meaning outside)

Ejaculation occurs

Semen leaves the male boy when the penis erect and _____

Sperm

Name given to the male gamete?

Seminiferous tubules

Sperm production begins in the ______

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Production of testosterone in the interstitial cells is stimulated by ____

Endometrium

The layer of the uterine wall that is shed during menstruation is the ___.

Semen

Substance produced by the seminal vesicles and prostate gland is known as ___

Gamete

Another name for sex cell is ___

Endocrine glands

Produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Hormones

Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands, and transported by the bloodstream are ____

Only a neighboring cell

When a hormone is released it will have its effect at

Endocrine system

All the cells, tissues, and glands that secrete hormones are called

Gigantism

This disorder is caused by the hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary

Hypothyroidism

The disorder that is an enlargement of the thyroid gland due to dietary iodine deficiency is called ______

Calcitonin

Controls the calcium levels in the bloodstream

Insulin

Controls the level of sugar in the blood

Thyroid

This gland secretes thyroxine which controls iodine in the blood

TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

It stimulates thyroid gland to release specific hormones

Adrenaline

Controls the “fight or flight” response of the body.

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

It stimulates the adrenal gland to release specific hormones.

Oxytocin

Released by hypothalamus to control muscle contraction of uterus

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Regulates body temperature, blood pressure and water supply

Glucogen

Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose.

The order of its Nitrogen bases

(A - T / C - G)

The genetic information in a DNA molecule is determined by ___

A phosphate group

DNA is made of a 5-carbon sugar, a nitrogen base, and ____

* Adenine
* Guanine
* Cytosine


* Thymine

The 4 Nitrogen bases of DNA are 

DNA to RNA to protein

By the processes of transcription and translation, the genetic information of a cell passes from:

Differences between DNA and RNA

Single stranded

Shape of RNA

Double stranded

Shape of DNA

Thymine

Nitrogen Base of DNA (differences)

Uracil

Nitrogen Base of RNA (differences)

Deoxyribose

Sugar of DNA

Ribose

Sugar of RNA

Cytoplasm

Location of RNA

Nucleus

Location of DNA

Genes

Codons are grouped together to form ___ which are translated into one protein.

Transcription

DNA is copied to a strand of mRNA (messenger RNA) during the process of ___

T-T-G-A-A-C

A strand of DNA with the sequence A-A-C-T-T-G will produce a complementary strand during **DNA replication**

\
* DNA:

**A**pple in the **T**ree, **C**ar in the **G**arage

C-U-A-A-C

A DNA chain has the following sequence of bases: G-A-T-T-G. The matching **m-RNA strand** should have which sequence?

\
* m-RNA:

**A**pples are **U**nder, **C**ar in the **G**arage

Codons

Three bases are group together to form a ____

Pentose sugar, phosphate group and a base

DNA and m-RNA contain _____

Anticodon for UAG

CAU

Point mutation

Single base substitution

64

How many different ways can 4 bases combine?

Different number of carbon

Deoxyribose (5) differs glucose (6) because _____

Estrogen and progesterone

2 Hormones in the ovary

Stimulates secondary sex characteristics

Function of testosterone

Menstruation

Stage of menstrual cycle that breaks the wall

Implantation, egg implanted in the uterus

What would happen if fertilization occurs

Nucleotide structure

Formed by the condensation of the sugar, phosphate and one of the 4 bases

CAU UAG AUA UAU

Convert to RNA:

GUA AUC UAU AUA

UAG CGU

Complementary strand of: (DNA)

ATC GCA

During Translation

mRNA passes nucleus from the cell

ATC AGT CCT

Point Subsitution:

TTC AGT CCT

The fertilized egg will get implanted in the uterus

What would happen inside the uterus when implantation occurs?

Glucogen will convert glycogen to glucose

Auntie she keep her lunch for a day pancreas help her body cope with low blood sugar

Sweat

Negative feedback on a hot humid day

Pineal Gland

This hormone ‘melatonin’ is secreted by the gland

Testis through the vas deferens and out the urethra

Sperm travels from the _____

Spermatogenesis requires a temperature lower than the body

The testicles are located at the external part of the male body because ____

Seminiferous tubules - epididymis - vas deferens - urethra

Correct pathway of the sperm

14 days before menstruation

Ovulation usually occurs _____

Thymine - DNA; Uracil - RNA

Nucleotide base of DNA and RNA

Contains 5 carbons

How does Deoxyribose differ from glucose?

64 ways

How many different ways can 3 of the 4 bases be combined

Progesterone

Hormones works with estrogen to prepare the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized egg

mRNA

Used as template to make proteins

* Carries instructions for polypeptide synthesis from nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm

rRNA

Makes up ribosomes

* Forms an important part of both subunits of the ribosome

tRNA

Matches amino acids to help make proteins

* Carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message.

Parathyroid Hormone

It regulates the minerals in the body-calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream.

To regulate daily activities of the body and controls its overall development

Endocrine System are consists of many glands which secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream to _____ and ______

Gland - Hormone

A ____ is the smallest living unit in the body that produces and releases chemical substance called _____

Negative feedback

Control system to reduce or minimize any changes or conditions of the body, which keeps the whole body system stable.

Thermostat

The Endocrine System is similar to a _____ because it may turn on when the temperature is below normal and may turn off when the temperature is above normal.

Recessive Disorders

______ happens when a child receives two defective genes from each parent.

Sickle cell anemia

Is a genetic blood disorder.

Tay-Sachs disease

Is characterized by the lack of an important chemical in the brain.

Phenylketonuria or PKU

Is a rare genetic disorder that can cause serious mental retardation in infants.

Cystic fibrosis

Is a disease in which some glands produce too much mucus that it clogs and damages the lungs.

Sex-linked disorders

Defective genes on the chromosomes will be expressed

* More common in men (due to having also one chromosome)
* Can be covered by a woman’s chromosome (since they have two) but may pass it to their children and will have color blindness and hemophilia

Human genetic syndrome

Has mental or physical abnormalities

Cri du chat

Babies who have this disease have a wide-set of eyes and small head and jaw

William syndrome

Large ears and facial features that make them look like elves

Down syndrome

Mongolism; Common cause of mental retardation. It can be a mild or severe mental retardation

Edward syndrome

It shows mental retardation and physical abnormalities to the child and can live beyond one year

Patau’s syndrome

About 90% of babies with this syndrome do not survive in infancy. Severe mental retardation occurred to those who survived.

Klinefelter’s syndrome

In male, they lack facial hair and their testes, including the prostate gland, are underdeveloped (because of two or more X-chromosomes in addition to their Y-chromosomes

Turner's syndrome

Genetic disorder that affects women. About 96-98% with this condition do not survive at birth. Those who survived usually have no menstruation, has narrow hips, breasts are not developed, and with broad shoulder and neck

10,000

The human body contains at least ____ different kinds of proteins.

20

There are __ different amino acids (building blocks of protein)

Mutation

It is the change in genetic material

Mutagens

The different types of agents, whether they are in the form of physical or chemical that can cause the alteration of the structure or sequence of DNA

Genes

Basic unit of heredity