19th-Century Global History: Romanticism, Imperialism, and Reform

Sturm und Drang

"Storm and Stress." A literary movment in the late-eighteenth-century Germany.

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Schumann

romantic

Chopin

romantic

Berlioz

romantic

Brahms

romantic

Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot

Was an active member of the Barbizon School, a group of naturalist landscape painters in France in the 1840's and 1850's.

Gustave Courbet

French painter noted for his realistic depiction of everyday scenes (1819-1877)

Modernism

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

Mass Society

a society in which prosperity and bureaucracy have weakened traditional social ties

Britain's Factory Acts

a series of landmark parliamentary statutes passed in Britain starting in 1802 that regulated working conditions, limited working hours, and restricted child labor in industrial mills and factories. They marked the beginning of state intervention into free-market capitalism, laying the groundwork for the modern welfare state and labor rights.

Cavour

Architect of Italian unification in 1858; formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmonteste king.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Liberalism

A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity.

Second Empire in France

was industrial, Napolean III, built roads, canals, habors, gave more the legislative corps more say in stuff but then a war with prussia turned them back into a republic

Dmitri Mendeleev

Created the periodic table

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.

Louis Pasteur

A French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer.

Marie Curie

Notable female Polish/French chemist and physicist around the turn of the 20th century. Won two nobel prizes. Did pioneering work in radioactivity.

Berthe Morisot

broke the practice of women being only amateur artists and became a professional painter. Her dedication won her the disfavor of academics. She used light colors and flowing brushwork.

Vincent van Gogh

A Dutch expressionist who painted a "moving visions in his mind's eye"

Gustav Dore

a prolific French artist, printmaker, and sculptor who became the definitive illustrator of the 19th century. Best known for his dramatic, highly detailed wood-engravings, his work shaped the visual imagination of generations by providing the iconic imagery for classic Western literature.

Pablo Picasso

a Spanish artist, founder of Cubism, which focused on geometric shapes and overlapping planes

Caspar David Friedrich

19th century German Romantic painter, considered by many critics to be one of the finest representatives of the movement- especially Romantic painting Wanderer above the Sea of Fog

Charles Gordon

The British General sent to restore Egyptian authority over Sudan however this failed

Henry Curzon

British colonial official that declared that the British Empire " was under providence, the greatest intrument for good that the world has seen"

Cecil Rhodes

Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.

Rudyard Kipling

British writer who wrote of "the white man's burden" and justified imperialism

Progressive Era

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically

Neocolonialism

Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).

Albert Sarraut

French administrator and governor-general who argued that the colonial process would benefit all

Caffard Cove

A coastal site in Martinique known for a tragic 1830 illegal slave ship wreck, now home to the Cap 110 Memorial, featuring 15 massive stone statues facing Africa to honor the victims of the transatlantic slave trade.

Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

Boers

Dutch settlers in South Africa

Afrikaners

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.

the Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

the British Raj

The name for the British government's military rule of India between 1858 and 1947.

Indochinese Union

a grouping of French colonial territories in Southeast Asia. A grouping of the three Vietnamese regions of Tonkin, Annam, and Cochinchina with Cambodia was formed in 1887.

Sepoy

An Indian soldier serving under British command.

Taiping

Means heavenly peace, it became a religion in China that united people both socially and politically

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Cixi

Ultraconservative empress in Qing (Manchu) dynasty China. Ruled china in the turbulent late 19th century, not as a true Empress but as an Empress Dowager.

Kokutai

The core ideology of the Japanese state, particularly during the Meiji restoration, stressing the uniqueness of the Japanese system and the supreme authority of the emperor.

Meiji Constitution of 1889-90

the fundamental law of the Empire of Japan that established Asia's first modern constitutional monarchy by blending Western parliamentary structures with absolute imperial sovereignty. Heavily modeled on the conservative Prussian system, it created a bicameral parliament but vested ultimate control over the government and the military directly in the Emperor.