ANSC 107 Survey of Knowlede 3

Genotype

animals blueprint

inheritence

passing traits from parent to offspring

codominance

both alleles are expressed mix of both

incomplete dominance

heterozygous appear intermediate rather than a combo. no dominance

sex influenced

phenotype expressed differently between genders

sex limited

traits unique to one sex

sex linked

genes found only in X or Y chromosome

qualitative

classified into groups

quantitative

numerically measured

heritability

from 0-1 the greater the value the more liekly it is to be passed on

inbreeding

mating closely related individuals

linebreeding

form of inbreeding using repeated crossings to ancestors

outbreeding

mating less closely related animals increases hybrid vigor

crossbreeding

mating diff breeds goal is hybrid vigor

testes

produces sperm and testosterone

sperm

produced by certoli cells then turn into spermatozoa

testosterone

produced by leydig cells

epididymis

passage way of sperm from testes to vas deferens 3 parts head body and tail

caput epididymis

not capable of fertilization. fluid absorption

corpus epididymis

sperm gains motility. cytoplasm begins to shrink

cauda epididymis

storage until ejaculation. sperm is fertile and mobile

vas deferens

transports sperm from testes to penis

accessory sex glands

secretes seminal fluid.

spermatogenesis

produce and maintain supply of sperm

how males detect estrus

phermones lvl of estrogen and visual cues

spermatic cord

contains vas deferens, pampiniform plexus, and external cremaster muscle nerves

vas deferens

transports sperm during ejaculation

tunica albuginea

connective tissue colds testes together

seminiferous tubule

sperm producing cells

rete testes

function in sperm transport from seminiferous tubules 100 tubules

efferent ducts

6-12 tubules absorb fluids

scrotum

protects testes and temp reg

spermatozoa maturation

1. geminal cells in outer edge

2. mature into spermatocytes

3. mature into spermatids in the center have flagella

sperm maturation in seminiferous tubules

mitosis to meiosis 1 and 2 to haploids

mitosis (proliferation)

spermatogonia undergo multiple mitotic divisions to generate a larger number of spermatocytes

meiosis 1 and 2

replication of DNA to produce haploid spermatids

mediastinum

in center of testes transports spermatozoa from lobules within testes to epididymis

fibroelastic penis

boar ram bull

vascular penis

humans and stallions

flehmen response

exposure of nasopalatine duct to absorb pheremones

most semen volume

swine

least semen volume

sheep

highest sperm concentration

sheep

lowest sperm concentration

swine

pendulous testes

bull ram

horizontal testes

stallion

inverted testes

boar

cryptoorchidism

bilateral not fertile unilateral fertile

temp of testes

below body temp around 4-6 C below

tunica dartos muscle

smooth muscle under scrotum that can contract to move testes closer or away from body to reg temp

pampiniform plexus

blood vessels that cool blood around the testes

vulva/vagina

birth canal for partruition

cervix

passageway for sperm seals off uterus during pregnancy

uterus

secretory organ, incubator for embryo and placenta, control of cylicity and contraction for parturition

oviduct

site of fertilization

ovary

produces female gamete and female sex hormones progestrone and estrogen

annular rings in a cow uterus

4-5

does uterine in mares have annular rings

no

what does a sows uterine look like

corkscrew

Zona pellucida

estrogen stimulates uterine secretions which capacitate sperm

what happens if not pregnant

prostaglandin is released

if pregnant what happens

embryo sends interferon tau allowing the CL to stay

ampulla isthmus junction

site of fertilization

oviduct

infundibulum, ampulla, and ampulla isthmus junction

ovary parts

cortex and medulla

ovary cortex is outer in all except for

mares

ovary medulla inner in all except in

mares

corpus luteum

produces progestrone

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GNRH)

secreted by hypothalamus and acts upon the anterior pituitary.

Luteinizing hormones (LH)

secreted by anterior pituitary acts upon ovary. induces ovulation and dev of CL

follicle stimulating hormones FSH

secreted by anterior pituitary acts upon ovary. induces follicular dev, estrogen production, and spermatogenesis.

inhibin

secreted by follicle acts upon anterior pituitary, causes reduction in FSH

estrogen

secreted by follicle, causes estrus. causes early stage dev of mamary glands

progestrone

secreted by CL, hormone of pregnancy

oxytocin

secreted by posterior pituitary and CL. acts upon smooth muscle. induces milk letdown and contractions in uterus and oviduct.

prostaglandin

secreted by uterine lining act supon the CL. produdec by non pregnant uterus. regression of CL. gives pregnant or open signal.

interferon tau

produced by fertilized ovum recieved by uterus. pregnancy recognition in cattle and sheep.

parturition

progestrone declines, estrogen prostaglandin and oxytocin increase resulting in contractions and hormone relaxin helps relax for easier birth

dystocia

fetus too large, small pelvis, female too young

AI advantages

genetic improvement, disease control, improved record keeping, eliminates need for keeping bulls

type of catheter used in embryo transfer

foley catheter

super ovulation

FSH used to induce it 4 days of treatment. the estrous of both the recipient and donor must be synched.

collection of embryo in bovine

7 days post estrus range 6-8 days

what reaction must take place before a sperm cell can penetrate the egg

acrosomal

thick wall extension of uterus that secretes mucous and seals off during pregnancy

cervix

day 9 of cow estrous cycle what structure would be found in the ovary

CL

estrogen rich fluid in graafian follicle

liqour folliculi

what spevies has an ovulation fossa

mare

which mammal doesnt have uterine horns

human

ovine makes the largest volume of ejaculate

false

infundibulum surrounds ovary to catch the egg

true

porcine have corckscrew penis

true

hormone relaxin initiates cortisol release

false

increased blood flow causes erection in bull

false

bilateral crypto can still impregnant female

false

producer can harvest viable sperm cells from the head of the epidydimis

false

ovulation happens before mating

false

which farm animal does not have a sigmoid flecture

horse

fertile and mobile sperm is in where

tail of epidydimis