Hematologic and Oncologic Disorders Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering lymphomas, multiple myeloma, coagulation disorders, and clinical nursing precautions from the lecture transcript.

Lymphoma

A cancer of the lymphatic system, specifically involving lymph nodes and lymphocytes (white blood cells), where abnormal cancer cells multiply, deposit inside the lymph nodes, and form tumors or lumps.

Reed-Sternberg Cells

Special pink-colored protein cells observed under a microscope with an "owl's eye" appearance; their presence on biopsy is the defining characteristic of Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Hodgkin's Lymphoma

A type of lymphoma characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells on biopsy, painless swollen lymph nodes, and symptoms such as node pain following alcohol consumption and pruritus.

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

A category of lymphoma marked by the absence of Reed-Sternberg cells on microscopic examination.

B Symptoms

A triad of systemic cancer symptoms that occur together, consisting of fever, night sweats, and unexplained weight loss.

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

A serum tumor marker and blood test that shows elevated levels when active cancer cell growth is present in the body.

Multiple Myeloma

A cancer of plasma cells (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow that affects multiple bones throughout the body, causing bone destruction, severe bone pain, and hypercalcemia.

M Protein

An abnormal protein released into the blood by multiple myeloma cancer cells; large forms can clog kidney filters and lead to renal failure, while high quantities cause blood hyperviscosity.

Benz Jones Proteins

Small-sized $M$ proteins released in multiple myeloma that are tiny enough to be filtered through the kidneys and detected in a client's urine test.

Hyperviscosity Syndrome

A complication in multiple myeloma caused by an excess of $M$ proteins thickening the blood, characterized by symptoms including vision changes, headache, and bleeding.

CRAB Criteria

A diagnostic mnemonic for the hallmark features of multiple myeloma: elevated Calcium ($\text{C}$), Renal failure ($\text{R}$), Anemia ($\text{A}$), and Bone lesions or bone pain ($\text{B}$).

Hemostasis

The physiological process by which the body prevents and stops bleeding to preserve the integrity of the vascular system.

Hemophilia

A genetic bleeding disorder characterized by impaired blood clotting and prolonged or excessive bleeding due to an inherited deficiency of specific clotting factors.

Hemophilia A

A specific type of hemophilia caused by a deficiency of clotting factor $\text{VIII}$ (factor $8$).

Hemophilia B

A specific type of hemophilia caused by a deficiency of clotting factor $\text{IX}$ (factor $9$).

Hemarthrosis

Internal bleeding into joint spaces, which is a classic complication occurring in patients with severe bleeding disorders like hemophilia.

Desmopressin

A medication used in hemophilia A emergencies that activates the body's stored or hidden clotting factor $\text{VIII}$ to prevent and control bleeding.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

Also called "clotting chaos," a severe disorder where widespread clotting throughout the vascular bed depletes platelets and clotting factors, ultimately leading to uncontrollable hemorrhage.

Thrombocytopenia

An abnormally low platelet count that impairs the formation of the initial platelet plug, putting the client at elevated risk for bruising and hemorrhage.

Neutropenic Precautions

Protective protocols instituted for clients with dangerously low neutrophil counts to minimize infection risk, including strict hand hygiene, avoiding crowds, and eliminating fresh flowers and raw produce.

Reverse Isolation

A protective isolation procedure used to shield immunocompromised clients from outside pathogens present in visitors, staff, and the healthcare environment.

Bleeding Precautions

A set of nursing safety measures implemented to avoid trauma in at-risk clients, including using soft toothbrushes, using electric razors only, avoiding invasive procedures, and avoiding contact sports, aspirin, or NSAIDs.