Chapter 4 Sensory and Perception part 3

What is the function of the pinna?

The pinna funnels sound waves into the ear.

What is the tympanic membrane commonly known as?

The eardrum.

What role do the ear bones play in hearing?

They transmit vibrations to the inner ear.

How do sounds transmit in different mediums?

Sounds transmit more easily in air than in liquid.

What is the oval window?

A membrane that sends vibrations from the ear bones to the cochlea.

What is the cochlea?

A snail-shell like coil filled with fluid that plays a key role in hearing.

What is the function of hair cells in the cochlea?

They move in fluid to create neural impulses.

Do hair cells in the cochlea regenerate?

No, hair cells do not regenerate.

What does Place Theory explain?

It explains that the location of vibrations on the basilar membrane determines pitch.

What is Frequency Theory?

It states that what we hear depends on the frequency of neuronal firing.

What does the volley principle state?

Clusters of neurons can fire in rapid succession to encode sound.

What is the pathway for hearing processing?

Cochlea → auditory nerve → brain stem → thalamus → temporal lobe.

What factors help localize sound?

Intensity, distance, sound shadow, and timing.

What are the skin senses?

Touch, temperature, and pain.

What are thermoreceptors responsible for?

They detect warm and cold sensations.

What is the role of pain receptors?

They warn of damage to the body.

What types of pain pathways exist?

Fast pathways for sharp pain and slow pathways for nagging pain.

What are the primary taste sensations?

Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami.

What is the olfactory epithelium?

The tissue involved in the sense of smell.

How does smell processing differ from other senses?

It bypasses the thalamus and connects directly to the temporal lobe and limbic system.

What do kinesthetic senses detect?

Movement, posture, and orientation.

What do vestibular senses help with?

They help maintain balance and detect head motion.

What is the significance of the fovea in vision?

It is the region of the retina where light creates an upside-down image.

What is the sensory threshold for hearing?

A ticking clock at 20 feet under quiet conditions.

What is the sensory threshold for taste?

A teaspoon of sugar in two gallons of water.

What is the sensory threshold for touch?

The wing of a fly falling on your neck from a distance of 1 centimeter.

What does the Stroop Effect demonstrate?

It shows the interference in reaction time when the color of the text and the meaning of the word are incongruent.

What is the role of endorphins in pain perception?

They can turn pain signals on and off.

What is the innermost layer of the eye?

The retina

What structure focuses light on the retina?

The lens

What is the function of the optic nerve?

To transmit visual information from the retina to the brain

Which hemisphere processes images captured in the right visual field?

The left hemisphere

What is the role of the thalamus in visual processing?

It relays signals from the optic nerves to the visual cortex

What is the primary visual cortex responsible for?

Processing visual signals

What does the Trichromatic Theory explain?

How color vision is based on three types of color receptors

What is a negative afterimage?

A visual phenomenon where the brain produces complementary colors after staring at a color

What does the Opponent-Process Theory explain?

How color perception is based on opposing color pairs

What is the Figure-Ground Relationship?

The ability to distinguish an object from its background

What are Gestalt Principles?

Rules that describe how we organize visual information into meaningful wholes

What do Texture Gradients indicate in visual perception?

Depth perception based on the size and spacing of visual elements

How does motion perception occur?

Through the visual system's response to changes in position of objects

What are the three main structures of the ear?

The outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear

What are the three tiny bones in the middle ear called?

Hammer, anvil, and stirrup

What is the role of the cochlea in auditory processing?

To convert sound vibrations into neural signals

What is the function of the auditory nerve?

To transmit auditory information from the cochlea to the brain

What is the role of olfactory receptors?

To detect odorants in the nasal passage

Where are olfactory receptors located?

In the olfactory epithelium of the upper nasal passage

What is the olfactory bulb's function?

To process smell information received from the olfactory receptors

What is the relationship between the olfactory bulb and the olfactory nerve?

The olfactory nerve extends from the olfactory bulb to the brain

What happens to sound waves when they enter the outer ear?

They cause the eardrum to vibrate

What is amplitude in relation to sound?

The physical dimension that corresponds to loudness

What does frequency refer to in sound?

The physical dimension that corresponds to pitch

What is timbre in sound perception?

The quality or color of sound that distinguishes different types of sound waves

What visual phenomenon occurs when focusing on a central dot?

Seeing complementary colors in an afterimage

What is the significance of the optic chiasm?

It is where the optic nerves cross, allowing visual information from both eyes to be processed

endorphins

turn pain signals on and

off