[MTPL] Chapter 2: Courts and Alternative dispute resolution

alternative dispute resolution (ADR)

the resolution of disputes in way other than those involved in the traditional judicial process, such as negotiation, mediation, and arbitration (phương thức giải quyết tranh chấp thay thế)

answer

Procedurally, a defendant's response to the plaintiff's complaint (bản trả lời)

arbitration

The settling of a dispute by submitting it to a disinterested 3rd party (other than a court), who renders a decision. (trọng tài)

arbitration clause

A clause in a contract that provides that, in the event of a dispute, the parties will submit the dispute to arbitration rather than litigate the dispute in court (điều khoản trọng tài)

award

The monetary compensation given to a party at the end of the trial or other proceeding (khoản tiền bồi thường)

bankruptcy court

A federal court of limited jurisdiction that handles only bankruptcy proceedings, which are governed by federal bankruptcy law. (tòa án phá sản)

brief

A summary written or statement prepared by one side in a lawsuit to explain its case to the judge. (văn bản pháp lý do luật sư viết nộp tòa)

complaint

The pleading made by a plaintiff alleging wrongdoing on the part of the defendant; when filed with a court, the complaint initiates a lawsuit. (đơn khởi kiện)

concurrent jurisdiction

Jurisdiction that exists when 2 or more courts have the power to hear a case. (thẩm quyền tái phán đồng thời)

counterclaim

A claim made by a defendant in a civil lawsuit against the plaintiff; in effect, the defendant is suing the plaintiff. (yêu cầu phản tố)

default judgement

A judgment entered by a court against a defendant who has failed to appear in court to answer or defend against the plaintiff's claim. (phán quyết mặc định —> xử thẳng cho nguyên đơn)

deposition

The testimony of a party to the lawsuit or a witness taken under oath before the trial. (lời khai nhân chứng dưới lời thế trước phiên tòa)

discovery

A method by which the opposing parties obtain information from each other to prepare for trial. (thủ tục thu thập chứng cứ)

diversity of citizenship

A basis for federal court jurisdiction over a lawsuit between citizens of different states or between a U.S. citizen and a citizen of a different country. (thẩm quyền theo sự đa dạng quốc tịch/ cư trú)

docket

The list of cases entered on a court's calendar and thus scheduled to be heard by the court. (sổ thụ lý/ hồ sơ lịch xét xử)

e-evidence

A type of evidence that consists of computer-generated or electronically recorded information (bằng chứng điện tử)

exclusive jurisdiction

Jurisdiction that exists when a case can be heard only in a particular court or type of court (thẩm quyền chuyên biệt/ độc quyền)

federal question

A question that pertains to the U.S. Constitution, an act of Congress, or a treaty and provides a basis for federal jurisdiction in a case. (vấn đề pháp lý liên bang)

interrogatories

A series of written questions for which written answers are prepared by a party to a lawsuit, usually with the assistance of the party's attorney, and then signed under oath (bảng câu hỏi thẩm vắn bằng văn bản có tuyên thệ)

judicial review

The process by which a court decides on the constitutionality of legislative enactments and actions of the executive branch. (tài phán hiến pháp/ thẩm tra tư pháp)

jurisdiction

The authority of a court to hear and decide a specific case. (thẩm quyền xét xử/ quyền tài phán)

justiciable controversy

A controversy that is not hypothetical or academic, but real and substantial; a requirement that must be satisfied before a court will hear a case. (tranh chấp có thể xét xử được)

litigation

The process of resolving a dispute through the court system. (kiện tụng/ tố tụng tòa án)

long arm statute

A state statute that permits a state to exercise jurisdiction over non-resident defendants. (quy chế cánh tay nối phải)

mediation

A method of settling disputes outside the courts by using the services of a neutral 3rd party, who acts as a communicating agent between the parties and assists them in negotiating a settlement. (hòa giải, bên thứ 3 hỗ trợ)

metadata

Data that are automatically recorded by electronic devices and provide info about who created a file and when, and who accessed, modified, or transmitted the file. (siêu dữ liệu)

motion for a directed verdict

A motion for the judge to take the decision out of the hands of the jury and to direct a verdict for the party making the motion on the ground that the other party has not produced sufficient evidence to support a claim. (đề nghị phán quyết theo chỉ đạo của thẩm phán)

motion for a new trial

A motion asserting that the trial was so fundamentally flawed (because of error, newly discovered evidence, prejudice, etc.) that a new trial is necessary to prevent a miscarriage of justice. (đơn yêu cầu xét xử lại)

motion for judgement n.o.v.

A motion requesting the court to grant judgment in favor of the party making the motion on the ground that the jury's verdict was unreasonable and erroneous. (đơn yêu cầu phán quyết bất chấp bồi thẩm đoàn)

motion for judgement on the pleadings

A motion by either party to a lawsuit at the close of the pleadings requesting the court to decide the issue solely on the pleadings without proceeding to trial; granted only if no facts are in dispute. (đơn xin phán quyết dựa trên hồ sơ tố tụng)

motion for summary judgement

A motion by either party to a lawsuit at the close of the pleadings requesting the court to decide the issue solely on the pleadings without proceeding to trial; granted only if no facts are in dispute. (đơn kiến nghị ra phán quyết tóm tắt/ giản lược)

motion to dismiss

A pleading in which a defendant admits the facts as alleged by the plaintiff but asserts that the plaintiff's claim to state a cause of action has no basis in law. (đơn yêu cầu bác bỏ vụ kiện)

negotiation

A process in which parties attempt to settle their dispute informally, with or without attorneys to represent them. (thương lượng, 2 bên tự giải quyết)

online dispute resolution (ODR)

The resolution of disputes with the assistance of organizations that offer dispute-resolution services via the Internet. (giải quyết tranh chấp trực tuyến)

pleading

Statements by the plaintiff and the defendant that detail the facts, charges, and defenses of a case. (các văn bản tố tụng, cáo trạng/ bào chữa)

probate court

A state court of limited jurisdiction that conducts proceedings relating to the settlement of a deceased person's estate. (tòa án chứng thực di chúc)

question of fact

In a lawsuit, an issue that involves only disputed fact, and not what the law is on a given point. (vấn đề thực tế, tình hình vụ án)

question of law

In a lawsuit, an issue involving the application or interpretation of law. (vấn đề pháp lý)

reply

Procedurally, a plaintiff's response to a defendant's answer. (bản phúc đáp của nguyên đơn)

rule of 4

A rule of the U.S. Supreme Court under which the Court will not issue a writ of certiorari unless at least 4 justices approve of the decision to issue the writ. (nguyên tắc số 4: tối cao pháp viện hoa kỳ)

service of process

The delivery of the complaint and summons to a defendant. (tống đoạt giất tờ pháp lý/ lệnh triệu tập)

small claims court

A special court in which parties can litigate small claims without an attorney. (tòa án giải quyết tranh chấp nhỏ)

standing to sue

The legal requirement that an individual must have a sufficient stake in a controversy in order to bring a lawsuit. (tư cách khởi kiện)

summary jury trial (SJT)

A method of settling disputes by holding a trial in which the jury's verdict is not binding but instead guides the parties toward reaching an agreement during mandatory negotiations that immediately follow. (phiên tòa bồi thẩm đoàn rút gọn)

summons

A document informing defendants that a legal action has been commenced against them and that they must appear in court on a certain date to answer the plaintiff's complaint. (lệnh triệu tập)

venue

The geographic district in which a legal action is tried and from which the jury is selected. (nơi xét xử địa hạt thẩm quyền)

voir dire

A part of the jury selection process in which the attorneys question prospective jurors about their backgrounds, attitudes, and biases to ascertain whether they can be impartial jurors. (thủ tục phẩm vấn lựa chọn bồi thẩm đoàn)

writ of certiorari

A writ from a higher court asking a lower court for the record of a case. (lệnh chuyển hồ sơ lên tòa cấp trên xem xét)

appellate court = court of appeals

toaf án phúc thẩm

trial court (original jurisdiction)

toaf án sơ thẩm

the supreme court

toaf án tối cao

general jurisdiction

thẩm quyền chung/ quyền tài phán chung (cả dân sự lẫn hình sự)

limited jurisdiction

thẩm quyền hạn chế (phá sản, giao thông, gia đình (ly hôn, nuôi con))