AP Euro Midterm People

Francesco Petrarch

Father of Humanism; sonnets

Pico della Mirandola

“Oration on the dignity of Man”

Wanted to take philosophical views and blend them together

Humans have unlimited potential

Baldassare Castiglione

Book of the Courtier; how a proper gentleman/lady should act

Niccolo Machiavelli

THe Prince

RUler should be absolute and all powerful

Donatello

Italian Renaissance Artist

Sculped in marble and bronze

Bronze David

Michealangelo

Marble David

Sistine Chapel

Raphael

School of Athens

Boticelli

Birth oF Venus

Jan van Eyck

Nothern Renaissance

Arnolfini Portrait

Desiderius Erasmus

Praise of the Folly

Christian Humanism

Thomas More

Utopia

Northern Renaissance

English Christian Humanist

Johannes Gutenberg

printing press

Ferdinand and Isabella

new monarchs of spain

Ferdinand (Aragon) and Isabella (Castille) united Spain with their marriage

Bartolome de las Casas

Argued against the encomienda system and forced labor

John Calvin

Institutes of the Christian religion

Founded Calvinsim

Predestination

Martin Luther

Lutheranism/began protestantism

Only faith needed to get into heaven (sola fide)

95 theses

HRE Emperor Charles V

excommunicated Luther and called him an outlaw of church

Henry VIII

6 wives

formed the anglican faith

elizabeth 1

English Golden Age

Elizabethan Settlement

39 Articles

Henry IV

Won war of 3 Henrys (AKA henry of navarre)

edict of nantes- religious pluralism

Cardinal Richelieu

served as Louis XIII chief minister and advanced absolutism in France

El Greco

mannerist painter (aka Domenikos Theotokopoulos)

inspired by counter reformation and inquisition

painted the Disrobing of Christ

Caravaggio

Baroque painter

Emphasized the ordinary with dramatic lighting

Painted the Calling of Saint Matthew

James 1

Heavy belief in divine right which caused conflict with parliament

England

United Scottish and English throne

Cromwell

New Model Army

takes over during civil war

Established a common wealth and was “lord protector”

Charles II

After French rev

Ruled during the “restoration”

James II

Appointed Catholics to govt positions against the will of Parliament

Example of absolutism

William and Mary

Took over the English throne in the Glorious Revolution (bloodness transfer of power)

Gustavus Adolphus

During the Swedish phase of the 30 years war

Brilliant Swedish military leader

Louis XIV

Sun King

Ruled during the Fronde (mini french rev)

super absolutist

Philip II

Spain

Absolutist

Ruled during peak spain, unified Spain

Spanish Armada: loss of spanish armada signalled spains coming decline

Cardinal Mazarin

Ruled before Louis XIV

During his rule, france was very fractured and unstable

Jean Baptiste COlbert

Louis XIV finance minister who helped to decrease France’s debt and revilitilize its industries

Mercantilist policies

Peter the Great

Enlightened absolutism

Westernized russia

Grand embassy

Great Northern War

Instituted reforms to modernize science, tech, education, etc.

Beard tax

Catherine the Great

Russia

Enlightened absolutism

Very strong, increased russias territory

Copernicus

Heliocentric theory

On the revolution of heavenly spheresG

Galileo

Made his own telescope

The Starry Messenger

principia

Condemned by the Catholic Church

Francis Bacon

Inductive Reasoning/empiricism

Rene Descartes

Rationalist thinking, deductive reasoning

“I think therefore I a,m”

Issac Newton

The world is ruled by natural laws

Universal law of gravitation

Johannes Kepler

Planets move on elliptical orbits

Immanuel Kant

believed the church should not have full power over the ppl and we need freedom for progression

Enlightenment

Thomas Hobbes

Leviathan

believed in absolute rulers (not based on divine right)

John Locke

Two treatises of Government

natural rights

Social contract between the people and the monarch

Baron de Montesquieu

Power separated between three branches

The Spirit of the Laws

Rousseau

1. The social Contract

   1. “Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains”

2. People were in their natural state free and happy

3. Emilie/On Education

4. Thought women should stay in the house

Mary Wollstonecraft

A Vindication of the Rights of Women

Criticized the unfair treatment of women and argued for their rights

Cesare Becarria

On Crimes and Punishment

Argued againstcruel and unfair punishment like torture

Adam Smith

1. The Wealth of Nations

2. Promoted a free market system that would eventually adapt into capitalism

3. Laissez faire (hands of)

   1. Invisible hand

Thomas malthus

An Essay on the Principle of Population

Food supply cannot handle the growing population

David Ricardo

Iron Law of Wages

Wages naturally hover around just as much as needed to survive

Maria Theresa

Austria (Habsburgs)

Made some reforms like limiting landlords power and mandating public eduation

• However, still a devout catholic, no religious toleration

Joseph II

1. Maria Theresa’s son

2. Austrian emperor, clashed with his mom because he believed in enlightened absolutism and his mother did not

   1. Edict of TolerationL protected religious freedom for Jewish, Protestant, and Greek Orthodox

3. Formed military allianced w/Catherine II Russia to counter Prussia’s growing strength

Johannes Vermeer

Dutch Golden Age

the milkmaid

the girl with the pearl earring

Wolfgang Amadeux Mozart

1. Reflected ideas of the Enlightenment through his music which focused on secular rather than religious themes

   1. Emphasized order and balance rather than drama and emotion

Frederick William I

Reformed the Prussian military structure

Still upheld traditional forms of aristocracy which controlled and taxed peasants; not a true example of enlightened absolutism

Frederick II

AKA frederick the great

Expanded Prussias territory into Silesia

Reformed the judiciary

Peasants still lived in serfdom

Sucessful military leader

Louis XVI

Ruled durng french rev

Very weak ruler

Imposed high taxes on the third estate to pay for wars and lavish lifestyle

Marie Antoinette

Madame Deficit

Truly hated; foreign and spended extremely irresponsibly

Jean Paul Marat

French rev newspaper writer

Killed in bathtub

Robespierre

reign of terror

Dictator

Olymple de GOuges

The Declaration of the Rights of Women and Female Citizen

Napoleon Bonaparte

Short, smart military leader

overthrew the directory (coup d’etat)

Tried to take over europe, kind of did for a while then got banished bc he lost

named himself first consul (crowned himself) and ruled as a dictator

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of the Haitain Slave Revolt

Klemens von Metternich

Led the Congress of Vienna

Charles I

Dissolves parliament —> english civil war during his rule