The process of cellular respiration

What are the three stages of cellular respiration

glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

Where do the stages of cellular respiration occur

Glycolysis - Cytoplasm

Citric Acid Cycle - Mitochondiron

Oxidative Phosphorylation - Mitochondrion

What is needed for glycolysis

Glucose and 2 ATP

WHat is produced in glycolysis

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

What occurs in the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl coenzyme A before entering the citric acid cycle. Pyruvate loses electons to NAD+ and its carboxyl group is oxidized.

What is needed for the citric acid cycle

Pyruvate, acetyl CoA

Describe the citric acid cycle

The citric acid cycle starts with acetyl CoA and ends with CO2. The potential energy that is released is used to produce NADH, FADH2, and ATP. When energy supplies are high, the cycle slows down.

What is prodcued from the citric acid cycle

2 ATP per glucose molecule; 1 ATP per cycle, there are two cycles per glucose molecule

Describe glucose to the citric acid cycle

Glucose has 6 carbons, it undergoes glycolysis. It is split into two pyruvates, each with 3 carbons. The pyruvates are oxidized, becoming 2 carbons + CO2. The 2 carbon compound goes into the Citric acid cycle, joining the 4 carbons there to make 6 carbons. One carbon is then lost as CO2, making it five carbons. Then another is lost as CO2, making it 4 carbns again. This cycle occurs for both pyruvates

How does the carbon skeleton of glucose change as it proceeds though glycolysis

Phosphates are added to the carbon, making it become activated and eventually splitting. It becomes more and more energized

Why is ATP required for the preparatory stages of glycolysis

Where is pyruvate oxidized to acetyl CoA; what molecules are prodcued here

What are the products of the citric acid cycle

4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

Why is the citric acid cycle a cycle

It occurs twice as it produces 1 atp per cycle and it needs two cycles for the pyruvates

What point is glucose completely oxidized during cellular respiration

the citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of glucose

how is the exergonic slide of electrons down the electron transport chain coupled to the endergonic production of ATP by cemiosmosis

NADH and FADH2 have most of the energy that is extracted from glucose, as they have gained the most electrons. These carrier molecules then donate electrons to the electron transport chain. This yields ATP synthesis via oxidative phosporylation

Where and how does the repiratory electron transport chain create a proton gradient? Why is this gradient known as a proton-motive force

There is a lot of potential energy outside of the membrane as the electron transport chain loses the H+ ions out there. There is a greater concentration of H+ ions on the outside of the membrane which creates a lot of potential energy which is used to synthesize ATP from ADP. ATP synthase harvests thr potential energy from the proton gradient

What is the net ATP yield from the oxidation of a glucose molecule

32 ATP