Kleinert BI 117 - Unit #4: Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Immune, and Respiratory Systems

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from Unit #4: Cardiovascular System (Part II), Lymphatic System, Immunity, and Respiratory System.

Antigen

A marker or molecule on the surface of cells, such as red blood cells, capable of being recognized by antibodies and triggering an immune response.

Antibody

proteins (mainly) on the cell membrane; self-identifiers.

antigen a

 -A, A, AB+, AB- 

antigen b

-B, B, AB+, AB-

in which cavity is the heart located?

thoracic cavity

Pericardium

Secretes fluid to decrease friction

Which arteries supply blood to the heart itself?

coronary arteries

Myocardial Infarction

A heart attack resulting from the blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle through the coronary arteries, causing cardiac tissue damage or death.

Systole

The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers into the circulation.

Diastole

The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the heart muscle relaxes and allows the chambers to fill with blood.

lubb

heard at the beginning of ventricular systole when the atrioventricular (AV) valves close.

dubb

heard at the beginning of ventricular diastole when the semilunar valves close.

Intercalated Disks

strength and communication

Trace the pathway of the impulses through the heart starting with the AV node

• SA node 

• Myocardium in the ATRIA then AV node to 

• AV bundle and Purkinje fibers to myocardium in the ventricles

what is the pattern of contraction of the heart?

• SA node

• ATRIA CONTRACT

• AV NODE DELAY

• VENTRICLES CONTRACT

• RELAXATION(DIASTOLE)

P wave

atrial depolarization

QRS Wave

ventricular depolarization

T wave

ventricular repolarization

Explain why atrial repolarization (relaxation) is not seen on an ECG

it happens at the same time as ventricular depolarization (the QRS complex)

Tachycardia

increased heart rate

Bradycardia

decreased heart rate

Fibrillation

uncoordinated contraction of individual cells

sympathetic nervous system

causes an increase in heart rate and strength of contraction

parasympathetic

causes a decrease in heart rate

Thymus

A primary lymphoid organ located in the mediastinum where T lymphocytes mature and differentiate.

Lymph Nodes

Small, bean-shaped lymphatic organs distributed along lymphatic vessels that filter lymph and house lymphocytes and macrophages.

Tonsils

Aggregations of lymphoid tissue in the pharyngeal region that intercept and defend against pathogens entering through the nose or mouth.

Spleen

A large lymphatic organ in the upper left abdomen that filters blood, removes aged red blood cells, and coordinates immune responses to blood-borne pathogens.

Appendix

A tube-shaped pouch of lymphatic tissue extending from the cecum containing lymphoid aggregates that assist in mucosal immune defense.

what are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system

fluid balance(drainage)

fat absorption

immune defense

Lymphedema

Tissue swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid due to obstruction or disruption of normal lymphatic drainage.

immunity

immune system

physiologic system that includes cells and tissues involved in immunity; includes all of your anatomic organ systems.

what immune systems make up our immune system?

Lymphatic System

Cardiovascular System

Integumentary System

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Nonspecific (Innate) Defense

General, immediate mechanisms that protect the body against diverse pathogens regardless of their specific identity, such as skin and mucus membranes.

Specific (Adaptive) Defense

Targeted immune responses mediated by specialized lymphocytes that recognize, attack, and remember specific foreign antigens.

species resistance

Natural ability of one organism to resist infection by microorganisms that may cause disease in another organism.

mechanical barriers

Prevent entrance of infectious agents.

Chemical Barriers

Enzymes in body fluids

fever

Infections cause the hypothalamus to maintain a higher body temperature

inflammation

Prevents spread of infection

phagoyctosis

certain Leukocytes engulf and destroy pathogens

T Cell

A type of lymphocyte matured in the thymus that is directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity and the destruction of infected host cells.

B Cell

A type of lymphocyte responsible for humoral immunity that differentiates into plasma cells to produce antigen-specific antibodies.

Primary Immune Response

The initial adaptive immune response developed upon the very first exposure to a specific antigen, characterized by a latent period and modest antibody production.

Secondary Immune Response

A faster, more potent, and longer-lasting immune response triggered upon subsequent re-exposure to a previously encountered antigen via memory cells.

Active Immunity

Immunity acquired through an individual's own immune system producing antibodies and memory cells following direct contact with an antigen.

Passive Immunity

Short-term immunity resulting from the direct transfer of preformed antibodies from an outside source rather than from the recipient's own immune system.

naturally acqired active immunity

When the immune system encounters a live pathogen and has a primary

immune response (you produce B cells and T cells) as well as signs and

symptoms of the disease.

Example- suffering through Chicken pox

artificially acquired active immunity

When a person receives a vaccination with dead or attenuated (living, but

weakened) pathogen or just a piece of pathogen; a primary immune

response is caused, but without the signs and symptoms of the disease.

Example – receiving the Chicken pox vaccine

naturally aquired passive immunity

Fetus acquires certain antibodies from mom (antibodies that mom already

has); this lasts only short-term (6 months to a year) and there is no

stimulation of an immune response (no production of B and T cells).

artificially acquired passive immunity

injection of antibodies (produced by someone else); provides short-term

immunity and there is no stimulation of an immune response (no production

of B and T cells).

Example- being given snake anti-venom

Ventilation

The mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs through inhalation and exhalation.

External Respiration

The exchange of gases, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide, between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood within pulmonary capillaries.

Internal Respiration

The exchange of gases between systemic capillary blood and the surrounding tissue cells.

Cellular Respiration

Intracellular metabolic pathways that consume oxygen to produce energy in the form of ATP while releasing $CO_2$ as a metabolic waste product.

Olfaction

The chemical sense of smell, mediated by sensory receptors located within the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity.

Nasal Conchae

Bony ridges extending from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity that increase surface area to warm, humidify, and filter incoming air.

Pharynx

The muscular throat passageway connecting the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus, serving both respiratory and digestive tracts.

Larynx

The cartilaginous voice box that houses the vocal cords and directs air into the trachea while blocking food during swallowing via the epiglottis.

Alveoli

Microscopic, thin-walled air sacs in the lungs where pulmonary gas exchange between air and blood takes place.

what is the function of the c shaped cartilage surrounding the trachea?

Surfactant

A phospholipid-protein complex secreted by alveolar cells that reduces alveolar surface tension, preventing lung collapse during exhalation.

Pleura

A double-layered serous membrane that encloses each lung, reducing friction and generating negative pressure essential for lung inflation.

Asthma

A chronic respiratory condition characterized by bronchospasms, mucosal inflammation, and hypersecretion of mucus leading to airway constriction.

Emphysema

A respiratory disease characterized by the progressive destruction of alveolar walls, leading to enlarged air spaces and loss of lung elastic recoil.

Pneumonia

An acute inflammatory lung infection causing the alveoli to become filled with fluid and cellular debris, impairing normal gas exchange.

Cystic Fibrosis

An inherited genetic disorder resulting in the production of abnormally thick, viscous mucus that obstructs the respiratory airways and ducts.

Non-respiratory Air Movements

Air movements into or out of the respiratory system that occur for reasons other than gas exchange, such as coughing, sneezing, laughing, or crying.