pain

pain assessment

Biopsychosocial Model

pain

pain threshold

The point at which a stimulus causes the client to perceive pain.

pain tolerance

How much of a stimulus the client is willing to accept.

assessing and documenting

descriptive characteristics

acute pain

chronic pain

nociceptive pain

Treatment differs: medications effective for nociceptive pain are not effective for neuropathic pain

neuropathic pain

Treatment differs: medications effective for nociceptive pain are not effective for neuropathic pain

cancer pain

children

adults

older adult

communication barriers

legal considerations

ethical consideration

morality

cries

Flacc

PAINAD

wong baker faces

nonverbal

revised non verbal

CPOT

end of life

subjective

objective

PQRST

numeric rating

visual analog scales

whole person

risk factors

cultural considerations

positioning

• Reposition every 2 hours, more often as needed

• Keep clients off bony prominences

• Pad coccyx, sacrum, heels, scapulae

• Move carefully to avoid shear injury

cutaneous simulation

• Heat for muscular pain; cold for swelling (20–30 min, check skin)

• Massage and acupressure lower pain scores

• Acupuncture — experienced practitioner only

• TENS unit; ESWL for soft-tissue injury