Bio 251 Lab Practical #1 Review

Dorsal/Posterior

Toward or at the back of the body; behind

Ventral/Anterior

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body, on the outer side of

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trumk

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial

Toward or at the body surface

Deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

Superior

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

Inferior

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

Articulating Surface

Joints; surface of a bone that contacts another bone

Non-Articulating Surface

Part of the bone that doesn't connect to another bone/non-moveable

Depression

A dent or superficial hole in a bone

Opening

Full holes in bones, allows blood vessels and nerves to enter the bone

Condyle

A large, rounded, articulating knob

Facet

A flattened or shallow articulating surface

Head

A prominent, rounded, articulating end of a bone

Crest

A narrow, ridgelike projection

Epicondyle

A projection above a condyle

Process

Any marked, bony prominence

Spine

A sharp, slender process

Trochanter

A massive process found only on the femur

Tubercle

A small, rounded process

Tuberosity

A large, roughened process

Alveolus

A deep pit or socket

Fissure

A narrow, slit-like opening

Foramen (pl: foramina)

A rounded opening through a bone

Fossa

A flattened or shallow surface

Fovea

A small pit or depression

Meatus or canal

A tube-like passageway through a bone

Sinus

A cavity or hollow space in a bone

Sulcus

A groove that accommodates a vessel, nerve, or tendon

Periosteum

A glistening white, double-layered membrane which covers the external surface of the entire bone except the joint surfaces

Diaphysis

Tubular shaft which forms the long axis of the bone

Epiphysis

Bone ends

Epiphyseal Plate

Commonly called the growth plate; a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone

Articular Cartilage

Glassy-smooth hyaline cartilage that covers the opposing bone surfaces; absorb compression placed on the joint & keep the bone ends from being crushed

Meniscus

Articular discs that extend inward from the articular capsule & partially or completely divide the synovial cavity in 2

Joint Cavity

Unique to synovial joints; contains a small amout of synovial fluid; a potential space because it's normally almost nonexistent, but can expand if fluid accumulates (happens during inflammation)

Synovial Fluid

Slippery substance that occupies all free spaces within the joint capsule; derived largely by filtration from blood flowing through the capillaries in the synovial membrane; viscous, egg-white consistency to prevent friction

Fibrous Joints

Bones joined by collagen fibers of connective tissue; immovable

Cartilaginous Joints

Bones joined by cartilage; have both rigid & slightly moveable examples

Synovial Joints

Articulating bones are separated by a fluid-filled cavity; most joints are classified this way; freely moveable

Plane, Condylar, Ball-&-Socket, Hinge, Saddle, & Pivot

The 6 shape names of synovial joints

Sutures, Syndesmoses, & Gomphoses

3 types of fibrous joints

Sutures

Found only between bones of skull

Syndesmoses

Junction of bones held together by ligaments

Gomphoses

Tooth attached to socket with periodontal ligament

Synchondroses & Symphyses

2 types of cartilaginous joints

Synchondroses

Joints of hyaline cartilage between the shaft & the epiphyseal plates of growing long bones

Symphyses

Bones are joined by fibrocartilage

Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, & Diarthroses

3 types of functional joints

Synarthroses

Immovable joints

Amphiarthroses

Slightly movable joints

Diarthroses

Freely movable joints (synovial joints)

7

How many tarsals are there?

5

How many metatarsals are there?

14

How many phalanges are there?

8

How many carpals are there?

5

How many metacarpals are there?

Fibrous, Cartilaginous, & Synovial

3 structural classifications

Temporal bone of skull & mandible

Temporomandibular Joint

Sternum & clavicle

Sternoclavicular Joint

Scapula & humerus

Humeroscapular or Glenohumeral Joint

Metacarpal & proximal phalanx

Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Adjacent phalanges

Interphalangeal Joints

Os Coxa & Femur

Coxal Joint

Femur and tibia

Tibiofemoral Joint

Between frontal & parietal bones

Example of sutures

Ligament between fibula & tibia

Example of syndesmoses

Tooth held in socket of alveolar process

Example of gomphoses

% Solution = (mass or volume of solute)/(volume of solution) x 100

Percent Solution Equation

M = (moles of solute)/(L of solution)

Molarity Equation

Moles = (mass of solute)/(molecular weight of solute)

Moles of Solute Equation

Mucous Membranes

Line all body cavities that open to the outside of the body, such as hollow organs of digestive, respiratory, & urogenital tracts

Serous Membranes

Have visceral layer & pareital layer separated by serous fluid

Pleura

Line thoracic wall & cover lungs

Pericardium

Encloses heart

Peritoneum

Encloses abdominopelvic viscera

Digestive, Respiratory Tract, Reproductive Tract, & Urinary Tract

Open body cavities

Ilium, ischium, & pubis

3 bones that make up os coxa

Temporomandibular Joint

Joint between temporal bone & mandible

Sternoclavicular Joint

Joint between sternum & clavicle

Humeroscapular Joint

Joint between humerus & scapula

Elbow Joint

Joint between humerus & radius/ulna

Metacarpophalangeal Joint

Joint between metacarpals & proximal phalanx

Interphalangeal Joints

Joints in between adjacent phalanges

Coxal Joint

Joint between os coxa & femur

Tibiofemoral Joint

Joint between tibia & femur

Talocrural Joint

Joint between talus & tibia-fibula

Simple Squamous Epithelia

Single layer of flattened cells; substances that need to quickly/easily cross layer

Stratified Squamous Epithelia

Multiple layers of flat cells; protective w/o being excessively thick; where body experiences friction

Simple Cuboidal Epithelia

Single layer of cells with equal proportions; absorption or secretion

Simple Columnar Epithelia

Single layer of tall cells; absorption or secretion; frequently has cilia

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia

Appears to be multiple layers but is really only single layer bc all cells are attached to basement membrane; cells diff sizes; has cilia

Transitional Epithelia

Stratified, but cell shape is diff depending on layer; found in organs that change shape

Skin

Stratified squamous, but with keratin; provides tough & dry quality

Connective Tissue

Most widespread & abundant body tissue; support, protection, insulation, storage, & transport

Loose Areolar Connective Tissue

Cells & fibers are loosely aggregated

Adipose Tissue

"Fat" ; fibers not readily evident, but has honeycomb appearance